Abstract
Cultural Tourism offers a strong motivation to preserve the elements of cultural heritage in tourist destinations. It helps to preserve cultural elements as important tourist attractions. Cultural tourism’s notion is unlimited to visiting monumental attractions only, but it has also become an interactive experience with the social fabric of the community through attending exhibitions, festivals and events, and the purchase of traditional local products. Thus, the human capital factor in tourism is linked to the quality of tourism products. With the growth of international tourism, the importance of sustainable tourism development has emerged to protect natural, cultural, and human resources, in addition to achieving economic development. As non-sustainable tourism development has led to the deterioration of tourism resources. This research paper examines if cultural tourism contributes to decrease tourism seasonality and achieve sustainable tourism development in cultural heritage sites. A case study of Aswan was selected. Aswan has unique and important elements of cultural heritage (Tangible and Intangible), but it still faces many problems like tourism seasonality, besides its tourism is still weak compared with other cities that have the same tourism potential. Based on a literature review and analytical study of global examples that achieved sustainability in cultural heritage sites, a field study of Aswan was conducted to evaluate the current status of cultural tourism, besides illustrating the challenges of achieving sustainability. The major result that has emerged from the study is paying attention to cultural tourism is the possible solution to the challenges that Aswan tourism faces. Finally, the paper concluded that investment in human capital creates opportunities for cultural tourism which in return resolves one of tourism’s major challenges: seasonality.
Full text article
References
Abu-Aljdael, H. b. (2012). Human Capital - Management, Measurement and Investment [in Arabic]. Cairo: Center of Technical Expertise of Management.
Alami, Y. H., Khazzan, B. E., & Souab, M. (2017). Heritage and Cultural Tourism in Fes (Morocco). International Journal of Scientific Management and Tourism, pp. 441-458. Retrieved from http://www.ijosmt.com/index.php/ijosmt/article/download/241/229
Alfaro, V. G., & Gil-Lafuente, G. a. (2012). New Methodological Structure for the Development of Creative Cities: The Case of Morelia – Michoacan, Mexico. Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing, pp. 195–205. Retrieved September 17, 2019, from http://www.springer.com/series/2941
Aswan. (2016). Aswan Governorate Electronic Gate [in Arabic]. Retrieved from: http://www.aswan.gov.eg
CAPMAS, (2018). Egypt in Figures 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2019, from Centeral Agency For Public Mobiloization and Statistics - CAPMAS: http//www.capmas.gov.eg
CHERPLAN. (2013). Sustainable Tourism As Driving Force For Cultural Heritage Sites Development: Planning, Managing and Monitoring Cultural Heritage Sites in South East Europe. South East Europe. Retrieved December 25, 2018, from http://www.southeast-europe.net
EENCA, E. E. (2017). Sustainable Cultural Tourism - A mapping document for the OMC. Pantia - Research to Progress. Retrieved July 16, 2019, from http://www.eenca.com/index.cfm/publications/sustainable-cultural-tourism-a-mapping-document-for-the-omc
El-Sayed, E. E.-S. (2006). Development of Human Resources in Light of the Circumstances of the New Global Economic Changes by Applying to the Tourism Sector in Egypt [in Arabic]. Unpublished Master Thesis,Fayoum University, Faculty of Tourism and Hotels.
Esu, B. B. (2012). Linking Human Capital Management with Tourism Development and Management for Economic Survival: The Nigeria Experience. International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 3 No. 11, pp. 267-287. Retrieved August 23, 2017, from http://ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_11_June_2012/29.pdf
EUROPEAN-COMMISSION. (2012). European Capitals of Culture 2020 to 2032: A guide for cities preparing to bid. Retrieved August 30, 2019
GOPP, G. O. (2017). Future Vision and Supporting Projects for the Development of Aswan Governorate [in Arabic]. GOPP - Genaral Organization for Physical Planning. Retrieved October 05, 2019, from http://gopp.gov.eg
Horvat, U. (2012). Transformation of the Tourist Infrastructure and Tourist Arrivals in Maribor in the Last Two Decades. Revija za geografijo - Journal for Geography, (pp. 127-138). Retrieved October 08, 2019, from https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?id=123759
Ibrahim, M. A. (2013). Tourism and Cultural Heritage in Tourism Anthropology [In Arabic]. Dar El-Marefa Al-Gameia (University Knowledge House), Alexandria.
Lut, D. M., & Vlad, F. (2010). The Role Of Human Capital Development In Increase Competitiveness In Romanian Tourism Enterprises. Quaestus Multidisciplinary Research Journal, pp. 19-28. Retrieved August 23, 2017, from http://www.quaestus.ro/en/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/lut.dina2_.pdf
Maribor. (2015). MARIBOR 2012 – The European Capital of Culture from Challenges to Results. Retrieved August 30, 2019, from http://www.maribor2012.info/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/From-Challenges-to-Results.pdf
Maribor. (2016). The Opportunity for Maribor - Integrated Sustainable Urban Development (ISUD) - Executive Summary. Retrieved August 30, 2019
Medina, F. L. (2014). Creating a Tourism Cluster in Morelia, Mexico. Korea Review of International Studies, pp. 67-92. Retrieved October 07, 2019, from https://gsis.korea.ac.kr
Morocco, H. C. (2018, March). Projections of the Population of Prefectures, Provinces and Communities of The Region Fes –Meknes 2014 -2030 [in French]. Retrieved October 18, 2019, from Morocco High Commision of Planning: https://www.rgph2014.hcp.ma/
Morocco, H. C. (2019). Statistical Yearbook Of Morocco from 2010 to 2018 [in French]. Retrieved from High Commission of Planning - Morocco: https://www.hcp.ma/downloads/Annuaire-statistique-du-Maroc_t11888.html
MPMAR, (2016). Sustainable Development Strategy: Egypt’s Vision 2030. Retrieved September 19, 2019, from https://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/sites/planipolis/files/ressources/egypt_vision_2030.pdf
Pardo, C. A. (2017). The Tourist Image of the Historic Center of Morelia: Promotion and Efforts Based on its Inclusion in the World Heritage List (1991-2017) [in Spanish]. Turismo, Patrimonio y Representaciones Espaciales., pp. 101-134. Retrieved from www.pasosonline.org
Radoine, H. (2008). Urban Conservation of Fez-Medina: A Post-Impact Appraisal. Global Urban Development Magazine. Retrieved August 14, 2019, from https://www.globalurban.org/GUDMag08Vol4Iss1/Radoine.htm
Richards, G. (2005). Cultural Tourism In Europe. ATLAS. Retrieved August 21, 2018, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277040145
Richards, G. & Raymond, C. (2000). Creative Tourism. ATLAS News no. 23. 2000, ISSN 1388-3607. Retrieved October 11, 2019, from https://researchgate.net
Shampoo, A., & Ghalib, S. (2019, March 08). Site Survey & Interview With Anakato Managers. (R. K. El-Khadrawy, Interviewer)
SIS, S. I. (2017). Aswan Magic of the Vally and the Spirit of History. Retrieved August 30, 2019, from http://www.sis.gov.eg
Soliman, S. (2018, February 24). Aswan Governor: The infrastructure of the Governorate has not been Renewed for 70 Years [in Arabic]. Retrieved March 21, 2019, from El Watan News: https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/3100715
UNESCAP. (2008). Cultural tourism sites management, a training manual for trainers in the greater Mekong Subregion. Retrieved September 05, 2018, from https://www.unescap.org/publications
UNESCO. (1979). Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae. Retrieved August 30, 2019, from https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/88
UNESCO. (1981). World Heritage Medina of Fez. Retrieved October 15, 2019, from https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/170/
UNESCO. (1991). World Heritage Centre Of Morelia. Retrieved October 17, 2019, from https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/585/
UNESCO. (2005). Creative City Network. Retrieved October 07, 2019, from https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/aswan
UNESCO. (2011). Culture: a Bridge to Development. Retrieved September 19, 2019 from Culture: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/venice/culture/culture-a-bridge-to-development/
UNESCO. (2012). The Future We Want: The Role of Culture in Sustainable Development. Retrieved September 19, 2019, from Culture for Sustainable Development: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/culture-and-development/the-future-we-want-the-role-of-culture/
UNESCO. (2015). Global Report on Culture and Sustainable Urban Development -CONCEPT NOTE. Retrieved September 19, 2019, from http://www.unesco.org
UNESCO. (2017). Creative City Networks. Retrieved October 17, 2019, from https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/morelia
UNWTO. (2012). Tourism and Intangible Cultural Heritage. Retrieved September 05, 2018, from www.unwto.org
Authors
Copyright (c) 2020 International Journal of Environmental Science & Sustainable Development
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution: other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
With the understanding that the above condition can be waived with permission from the Author and that where the Work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license.
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a pre-publication manuscript (but not the Publisher's final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (see The Effect of Open Access). Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher's request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author's own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- The Work is the Author's original work;
- The Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- The Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- The Work has not previously been published;
- The Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- The Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author's breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 7 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher's use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.