Epidemiological Study of Kawasan Waterfalls
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Submitted
May 14, 2017
Published
June 7, 2017
Keywords:
-
Waterfalls, Philippines, Epidemic
Abstract
A place with clean water is worth living for, however, if it runs counter to the usual, it corollary results in some diseases. This epidemiological study does not intend to give a false image on the Kawasan Waterfalls of Badian Cebu, Philippines rather, it aids to provide awareness among tourists to at least minimize anthropological activities that could contribute to water pollutants which cause an increased amount of heavy metals present in the water. With the collection of analyte and lab testing for the presence of cadmium, lead, and mercury in the aforementioned research environment, it was found that the water will not pose any health hazard to anyone in and around the river falls and even to any tourist in the place who wants to plunge into its azure water as far as cadmium and lead concentration is concerned. However, the mean concentration of mercury on the water projected a value, which is beyond the permissible concentrations and therefore may harm anyone in the community. Thus, it is recommended to strengthen measures to prevent and to control the release of these substances into the natural water. Shower facilities should be provided in the place and swimmers should wash first before plunging into the river. As part of an ongoing education and training effort, communicate all information on the health and safety hazards of mercury to potentially exposed individuals on the place. It is also suggested to conduct further concentration analysis of other metals present in the said water falls.
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References
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Taha, H. (2012, April15). How pH affects the skin. Retrieved from https://www.futurederm.com/how-ph-affects-the-skin/. May 2, 2017.
Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Foxx D, Ishaque A, Shen E. (2004). Lead-induced cytotoxicity and transcriptional activation of stress genes in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) Mol Cell Biochem, 255, 161–170.
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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR, 1999). Public Health Service. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Toxicological Profile for Lead.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR, 1992) Case Studies in Environmental Medicine - Lead Toxicity. Atlanta: Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Cally, M. (2002). HUMAN HEALTH AND HEAVY METALS EXPOSURE. In: Life Support: The Environment and Human Health MIT press.
Cheuk A & Chan HWH (2006). Minimal Change Disease Following Exposure To Mercury-Containing Skin Lightening Cream. Hong Kong Med J 12 (4). Retrieved from http://www.hkmj.org/system/files/hkm0608p316, April 25, 2017.
Darbha, G., Ray, A. & Ray, P. (2007). Gold Nanoparticle-Based Miniaturized Nanomaterial Surface Energy Transfer Probe for Rapid and Ultrasensitive Detection of Mercury in Soil, Water, and Fish. ACS Nano, 1 (3). American Chemical Society. doi: 10.1021/nn7001954
Environmental Health and Medicine Education (2013, May 11). Cadmium Toxicity Where is Cadmium Found? Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Regisrty. Retrieved from https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=6&po=5, May 2, 2017.
EPA (1986). Air quality criteria document for lead. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Ewence A., Rumbsy P., Rockett L., Davey, A., & Williams, H. (2011, March). A Review of Skin Irritation and Tap Water Quality, WRc Ref: DWI8375.01 March 2011, Report No.: DWI8375.01.
Friberg L, Nordberg GF, Vouk VB, eds. (1986) Handbook of the toxicology of metals. Vol. II. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 130–184.
Flora SJS, Flora GJS, Saxena G. (2006). Environmental occurrence, health effects and management of lead poisoning. In: Cascas SB, Sordo J, editors. Lead: Chemistry, Analytical Aspects, Environmental Impacts and Health Effects. Netherlands: Elsevier Publication; 2006. pp. 158–228.
Gochfeld, M. (2003). Cases of Mercury exposure, Bioavailability, and Absorption. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 56 (1), 174-179. doi: 10.1016/S0147-6513(03)00060-5.
ISO (1985) Water quality — determination of cadmium. Geneva, International Organization for Standardization (ISO 5961:1985).
ISO (1986) Water quality — determination of cadmium. Geneva, International Organization for Standardization (ISO 8288:1986).
Kulthanan K., Nuchkull P. & Varothai I. (2013). The pH of water from various sources: an overview for recommendation for patients with atopic dermatitis. Asia Pacific Pac Allergy. doi: 10.5415/apallergy.2013.3.3.155.
Martonas, J. (2017). Effect of Human Activities on the Environment. Hearts Settle Media. Retrieved from http://education.seattlepi.com/effect-human-activities-environment-3653.html, May 4, 2017
NAS (1980). Lead in the Human Environment. Washington, DC, US National Academy of Sciences.
Stewart, C. (2016, Jane 19). The Beauty Market: New Forecasts and Trends. Market Research Insights and Business Intelligence. Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. Retrieved from http://blog.marketresearch.com/the-market-for-beauty-and-cosmetics-products, May 1, 2017.
Taha, H. (2012, April15). How pH affects the skin. Retrieved from https://www.futurederm.com/how-ph-affects-the-skin/. May 2, 2017.
Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Foxx D, Ishaque A, Shen E. (2004). Lead-induced cytotoxicity and transcriptional activation of stress genes in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) Mol Cell Biochem, 255, 161–170.
Ware GW, ed. (1989) Cadmium. US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Drinking Water health advisories. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 107:25–37.
World Health Organization (2011). Preventing Disease through Healthy Environments. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/ipcs/assessment/public_health/mercury_flyer, May 3, 2017.
WHO (1992) Cadmium. Geneva, World Health Organization (Environmental Health Criteria 134).
Yedjou GC, Tchounwou PB (2008).N-acetyl-cysteine affords protection against lead-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Intl J Environ Res Public Health, 4(2):132–137.
.
Authors
Mustacisa, M. M., Bodiongan, C., Montes, V., Morial, W., Ramirez, I. A., & Tabotabo, M. (2017). Epidemiological Study of Kawasan Waterfalls. Environmental Science & Sustainable Development, 2(1), 102–110. https://doi.org/10.21625/essd.v2i1.78
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