Drinking Water Quality from Water Vending Machines in Selected Public Schools in Cebu City, Philippines
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Submitted
June 9, 2018
Published
July 31, 2018
Keywords:
-
water vending machine, public schools health, coliform, water assessment, Philippines
Abstract
Drinking water from Water Vending Machines (WVM) may pose health risks to consumers especially to students who are primary end-users in the public school setting. A one-shot survey of WVM water samples from 8 public schools in Cebu City Philippines was analyzed for microbial test and 3 schools were further investigated for physicochemical analysis. Results revealed that 8 water samples registered a total coliform count of 2.6 CFU/mL while specific E.coli testing posted (<1.1 to 2.6 CFU/mL). These data are higher than the national standard for permissible value for clean water (<1.1/100 ml) and international standard of 0.00 CFU/100 ml except in 2 schools that fall within the normal level (<1.1 CFU/mL). The water samples passed the physicochemical evaluation but failed in the microbiological test due to the presence of high levels of E.coli. Hence, water dispensed from the WVM is not safe for students’ consumption. Schools and other institutions that utilized WVM must require private companies as well as the management of the institutions to routinely check, clean, and maintain the machine to avoid accumulation of coliforms and E.coli contamination.
© 2018 The Authors. Published by IEREK Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of ESSD's International Scientific Committee of Reviewers.
© 2018 The Authors. Published by IEREK Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of ESSD's International Scientific Committee of Reviewers.
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References
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3. Austero, S., Bernardes, MC., Dael, RR., dela Cruz, K., Honkulada, AM., Jawadil, J., Stacy, L. & Uy, J. (2013). Safety of water in water-vending machines within a 500-meter radius of Vicente Gullas Memorial Hospital.Philippine Council for Research Health and Development. Available at http://www.herdin.ph/index.php?view=research&cid=62857
4. Chaidez, C., Rusin, P., Naranjo, J. & Gerba, C. (1999) Microbiological quality of water vending machines, International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 9:3, 197-206, DOI: 10.1080/09603129973164
5. Del Rosario EJ, Migo VP, Clemente EM, Cerbolles MTC, Tecson-Mendoza EM (2012). Purification and quality of drinking water: Issues and concerns. Transactions of the National Academy of Science and Technology PHL 34:
6. Department of Health. (2018). Food and Water Borne Diseases. Epidemiology Bureau Public Health Surveillance Division. Accessed on May 10, 2018. Available at https ://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/statistics/2018%20FWB%20Surveillance%20Report %20MW1-5.pdf
7. DOH (2007). Administrative Order No. 2007 - 0012 otherwise known as Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (2007).
8. Edberg, S., Rice, E., Karlin, R., & Allen, M. (2000). Escherichia coli: the best biological drinking water indicator for public health protection. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2000, 88, 1068-1168
9. Flanagan, K.M. & McCauley, E. (2010). Experimental warming increases CO2 saturation in a shallow prairie pond. Aquatic Ecology 44: 749. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-010-9313-0
10. Hussein, R., Hassan, A., & Bakr, W. (2009). Assessment of the quality of water from some public coolers in Alexandria, Egypt. Journal of Egypt Public Health Association 84 ( 1 & 2),
11. Hutin Y, Luby S, Paquet C (2003). A large cholera outbreak in Kano City, Nigeria: The importance of hand washing with soap and the danger of street-vended water. Journal of Water and Health, 1:45–52.
12. Jasper, C., Le, T. & Bartram, J. (2012). Water and Sanitation in Schools: A Systematic Review of the Health and Educational Outcomes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 9, 2772-2787; doi:10.3390/ijerph9082772
13. LeChevallier, M. (2003). Conditions favouring coliform and HPC bacteria growth in drinking-water and on water contact surfaces,” in Heterotrophic Plate Counts and Drinking-Water Safety, J. Bartram, J. Cotruvo, M. Exner, C. Fricker, A. Glasmacher, Eds. IWA Publishing, London, 2003, pp. 178-180.
14. Omer, E., Algamidi, A., Algamidi, I., Fadlelmula, A., & Aklsubaie, A. (2014). The hygienic-related microbiological quality of drinking water sources Al-Baha Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Health Specialties 2 (2)
15. Onichandran, (2014). Waterborne parasites: a current status from the Philippines. Parasites & Vectors 7:244.
16. Prasai, T., Lekhak, B., Joshi, D., & Baral, M. (2007). Microbiological analysis of drinking water in Kathmandu Valley. Scientific World, 5 (5)
17. Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water. 2007. Administrative Order No. 2007-012. Department of Health: Philippines. Available: http://www.lwua.gov.ph/tech_mattrs/water_standards.htm. Accessed March 17, 2017
18. MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DRINKING WATER OF
19. KATHMANDU VALLEY
20. Sarkar, B., Bhaumik, K., Mukherjee, A & Sarkar, K.(2016). School Children Exposed to Arsenic Contaminated Drinking Water in the Backdrop of Widespread Under-Nutrition in West Bengal, Eastern-India. Epidemiology (Sunnyvale) 2016, 6:4
21. Tan, E., Arifullah, M., & Soon, J. (2016). Identification of Escherichia coli Strains from Water Vending Machines of Kelantan, Malaysia Using 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Analysis. Water Quality Exposure and Health 8(2). doi:10.1007/s12403-016-0194-x
22. Tonog, M. & Poblete, M. (2015). Drinking Water Quality Assessment in Selected Barangays in Laoang, Northern Samar, Philippines. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 6(1)
23. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2018). Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories. Washington, DC. March 2018. Document No. 822-F-18-001
24. World Health Organization (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality - 4th ed. ISBN: 9789241548151
Authors
Picardal, M. T., Rapirap, E. M. G., Micame, L. I., Tura, M. J. B., Barrientos, O. N., Kimilat, R. A., Sarnillo, A. C., & Porol, A. L. (2018). Drinking Water Quality from Water Vending Machines in Selected Public Schools in Cebu City, Philippines. International Journal of Environmental Science & Sustainable Development, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.21625/essd.v3iss1.253
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