The Importance of Urban Greenery in the Construction of a Smart Landscape to Reduce Negative Environmental and Climate Impacts

Amanda Fruehauf; Paulo Pellegrino; Magda Lombardo

doi:10.21625/essd.v10i1.1111

Amanda Lombardo Fruehauf , Paulo Renato Mesquita Pellegrino , Magda Adelaide Lombardo

https://doi.org/10.21625/essd.v10i1.1111

Issue
Vol. 10 Issue 1: Special Issue (2025): Building Resilient Cities: Integrating Sustainability, Climate Adaptation, and Urban Resilience

Submitted
August 13, 2024

Accepted
November 13, 2024

Published
March 27, 2025

Keywords:

Environmental planning, Geotechnologies;, Nature-based Solutions, Green Infrastructure, Quality of Life

PDF XML

Abstract

The intense urbanization of the Municipality of São Paulo, SP, Brazil, highlights the high soil sealing, the reduction of open spaces, hinders stormwater runoff, and intensifies the process of Urban Heat Island. The objective of the work is to evaluate the importance of Urban Greenery analysis in order to contribute to a balanced system of permeable surfaces and urban afforestation, collaborating to a sustainable drainage system and cooling of the Urban Heat Island. Thus, the use of geo-technologies was used to obtain the maps of land use and occupation, Vegetation Index, and Land Surface Temperature and also statistics on the data and thus analyze the landscape in search of Nature-based Solutions. The analysis and implementation of Green Infrastructure in this research focuses on medium and large-sized street afforestation, and this must present harmony with all the city's infrastructure, collaborating with the environmental systems. The work can contribute to rethinking the green areas, with emphasis on Planting trees in cities to improve air quality, and reduce heat island effects, in order to build a smart landscape that aims to mitigate negative environmental and climate impacts, for the entire Municipality of São Paulo and thus meet the Nature-based Solutions.

Full text article

Generated from XML file

References

Amoroso, N.(ed.). (2015). R epresenting landscapes: digital.Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315731858

Arnfield, A. J. (2003). Two decades of urban climate research: A review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island. International Journal of Climatology, v. 23, n. 1, p 1–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.859. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.859

Barros, A. S.; Farias, L.M de; Marinho, J. L. A. (2020). Application of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to characterize the vegetation cover of Juazeiro do Norte - CE. Brazilian Journal of Physical Geography, v. 13, n. 6, p. 2885-2895, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v13.6.p2885-2895. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v13.6.p2885-2895

Bonzi, R.S. (2015). Geomorphological environmental zoning as a method for planning green infrastructure in densely urbanized areas. LABVERDE Journal, n. 10, p. 104-132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2179-2275.v1i10p104-132 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2179-2275.v1i10p104-132

Cohen, W, et al. (2003) An improved strategy for regression of biophysical variables and Landsat ETM+ data. Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 84, p. 561-571, 2003. DOI: 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00173-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00173-6

EMBRAPA TERRITORIAL. (2018). Monitoring Satellites. Available in :<https://www.embrapa.br/satelites-de-monitoramento>. Accessed in: 27 jan. 2022.

Fruehauf, A. L.; Lombardo, M. A.; Pellegrino, P.R.M. (2019). The Use of Geotechnologies in the Analysis of Vegetation Index and Heat Island in the City of São Paulo, SP, Brazil. In: Proceedings of the Fábos Conference on Landscape and Greenway Planning. p. 52.

Landis, J.R.; Koch, G.G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, Arlington, v.33, n.1, p. 159-174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310

Lombardo, M.A. (1985). Heat Island in the Metropolis: The example of São Paulo. São Paulo, 244 p. Ed. Hucitec.

Lombardo, M. A. (1995). Environmental quality and urban planning: methodological considerations. Thesis (Lecturer title in Geography) - Faculty of Philosophy, Letters and Human Sciences (FFLCH), University of São Paulo, São Paulo., 529 p.

Morzillo, A.T., et al. (2022). A tale of urban forest patch governance in four eastern US cities. Urban For. Urban Green. 75, 127693. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127693. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127693

Oliveira, et.al. (2017) Seasonal analysis of the relationship between carbon sequestration and urban heat islands in the metropolises of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte and Brasília. Brazilian Journal of Cartography, v. 69, n.4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14393/rbcv69n4-44336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14393/rbcv69n4-44336

Pereira, L. F.; Guimarães, R. M. F.; Oliveira, R. R. M. (2018). Integrating simple and free geotechnologies to evaluate land use/cover: QGIS and Google Earth Pro. Journal of Environmental Analysis and Progress, v. 3, n. 3, p. 250-264, 2018. DOI: 10.24221/jeap.3.3. 1839.250-264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24221/jeap.3.3.2018.1839.250-264

Ponzoni, F. J.; Shimabukuro, Y. E. (2009). Remote Sensing in the Study of Vegetation. São José dos Campos: Parenthesis.

Porangaba, G. F.O.; Amorim, M.C.D.C.T. (2019). Geotechnologies Applied to the Analysis of Surface Heat Islands in Cities in the Interior of the State of São Paulo. Brazilian Journal of Physical Geography. 12.06: 2041-2050. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v12.6.p2041-2050

Reibel M. Geographic Information Systems and Spatial Data Processing in Demography: A Review. Population Research and Policy Review, v. 26, n. 5-6, p. 601-618, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-007-9046-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-007-9046-5

Roth, M. (2013). Urban heat islands. Handbook of environmental fluid dynamics. Volume two: systems, pollution, modeling, and measurements. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p. 143-160.

Rouse, J. W. et al. (1973). Monitoring vegetation systems in the great plains with ERTS. In: Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 Symposium, 3, Washington, 1973. Proceedings... Washington: NASA, 1974, v.1, p.309-317.

Sanches, P. M.; Pellegrino, P. R. M. (2016) Greening potential of derelict and vacant lands in urban areas. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, v. 19, n. 1, p. 128-139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.07.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.07.002

Sant’Anna, C. G. (2020). Green infrastructure and its contribution to city landscape design. 303 f., il. Thesis (Doctorate in Architecture and Urbanism) -University of Brasília, Brasília.

Kantartzis, A. (2019). Alternative Sustainable Green Infrastructure Planning: Re- organizing Urban Waterfront Resilient Mediterranean Landscapes Via an Innovative “Greenways-Green Walls-Green Roofs” Integrated System. The Case of Igoumenitsa, Greece. Repository Istituzionale, p. 169.

Zanzarini, F. V. et al. (2013). Spatial correlation of Vegetation Index (NDVI) from Landsat/ETM+ image with soil attributes. Brazilian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, v. 17, n. 6, p. 608-614. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662013000600006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662013000600006

Authors

Amanda Lombardo Fruehauf

Post doctorate in Forest Department at University of São Paulo, School of Agriculture “Luiz de Queiroz”, Brazil.

[email protected] (Primary Contact)

Paulo Renato Mesquita Pellegrino

Senior Teacher at Faculty of Architecture, Urbanism and Design, University of São Paulo, Brazil.

Magda Adelaide Lombardo

Senior Teacher at University of São Paulo, School of Agriculture “Luiz de Queiroz”, Brazil.

Fruehauf, A., Pellegrino, P., & Lombardo, M. (2025). The Importance of Urban Greenery in the Construction of a Smart Landscape to Reduce Negative Environmental and Climate Impacts. Environmental Science & Sustainable Development, 10(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.21625/essd.v10i1.1111

Download Citation

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:

Attribution: other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;

With the understanding that the above condition can be waived with permission from the Author and that where the Work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license.

The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a pre-publication manuscript (but not the Publisher's final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (see The Effect of Open Access). Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
Upon Publisher's request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author's own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
The Author represents and warrants that:

The Work is the Author's original work;
The Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
The Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
The Work has not previously been published;
The Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
The Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.

The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author's breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 7 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher's use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Received 2024-08-13
Accepted 2024-11-13
Published 2025-03-27

1. Introduction

In the urban sprawl, since the 19th century, with a focus on Brazil, the theme of urban landscape planning linked to environmental issues has been growing, in order to think about nature and culture in an integrated way. In order to seek solutions to plan and intervene in the city based on nature, with the landscape as a basis. (Sant’Anna, 2020).

In this way, it is important to study the land use, temperature, and vegetation index of a landscape, in order to know the potential and flows that the area has, and to make some solutions that balance nature and the constructions in the city.

The process of territorial expansion is accelerated, causing several environmental impacts, among them: the potentialization of floods, pollution of soils, rivers, landslides due to disorderly occupation and deforestation and atmospheric pollution resulting from the high circulation of vehicles and the release of gases from industries (Porangaba & Amorim, 2019).

The theme of landscape planning is linked to environmental issues, in order to think about nature and culture in an integrated way. All of this is with the aim of finding solutions to plan and intervene in the city based on nature, with the landscape as the foundation (Sant’Anna, 2020).

It is important to emphasize that the landscape must be studied and treated as infrastructure in the urban context, verifying its structural construction, physiology and natural processes that recur in urban morphology. This way of valuing existing infrastructure highlights the ecological functions of the environment and the ecosystem of the urbanized basin, prioritizes sustainable stormwater management and contributes to sustainable environmental planning (Bonzi, 2015).

In this way, to mitigate these impacts, free spaces must be studied, in search of their uses and functions for the creation of a green infrastructure that must be planned in harmony with urban spaces. Therefore, it is important to create and innovate in design solutions for a given environment (Amoroso, 2015).

As, the study of urban heat islands, where high sealing and intense land use, and temperature changes, contribute to the emergence of the heat island. Being that there is a link between the forms of use and occupation of the will have of urban areas with the variation of air temperature, that is, the areas with more open spaces, vegetation and proximity to water bodies, temperatures decline (Lombardo, 1985).

It is evident that urban climate has been studied at different spatial scales (micro, local and regional) in order to verify the influence of the surface in contributing to this warming, which we can call the heat island effect (Arnfield, 2003).

In this work, geotechnologies were used for mapping. Geotechnologies cover the collection of spatial and non-spatial data, models, analysis and data processing. The use of GISs is important, both because of the vastness and complexity of their attributes for processing and analyzing spatial data, and with recent improvements in graphic interfaces and the spread of geo-referenced data, and because their thematic maps and satellite images have contributed to the popularization of this technology (Reibel, 2007).

Attention should also be paid to the green area chosen for the urban area. The trees must be resilient, have urban suitability and be drought intolerant. With this planning, the planting of trees, and checking their species and location, is necessary to achieve a successful Urban Forest (Morzillo & , 2022).

The study of the landscape has the challenge of providing new green spaces in the city, in order to take advantage of free spaces with a planning strategy planning strategy with benefits and in an intelligent way to solve the lack of infrastructure (Sanches & Pellegrino, 2016).

To apply a nature-based solution to the implementation of urban greenery, it can be defined as a network of urban green areas that are maintained or implemented, strategically planned, and managed to benefit the population by favoring environmental quality of life (Kantartzis, 2019).

In the study of the landscape, multiple issues are involved. This research aims to analyze the urbanization of the Municipality of São Paulo—SP, where a multifaceted scenario predominates. It also includes the goal of mapping land use and occupation, thermal field, and Vegetation Index in the municipality of São Paulo, SP, using technologies, including GIS, for the year 2020.

The maps of the thermal field could be analyzed in this work to analyze the urban heat Island on the surface, and then related to the Vegetation Index and with the land and use occupation to have an outlook of the landscape in São Paulo, SP.

Thus, the work hypothesises that, through an analysis of the landscape, solutions could be found to implement urban greenery with an emphasis on urban afforestation in areas lacking these green areas, to form an urban forest in the study area in the search for Nature-based Solutions, and to adapt environmental planning in a sustainable way.

2. Materials and Methods

It is noteworthy that the Geographic Information System (GIS) as a mapping tool to obtain answers to questions about the collection of data from the physical environment, in order to analyze changes in the environment and thus assist in the planning and management of existing natural resources (Fruehauf; Lombardo; Pellegrino, 2019). In the landscape, it could be used to obtain land use and occupation, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) in the year 2020.

In this research, it was used the GIS software, named QuantumGIS (QGIS). QGIS stands out for being a widely used free and open-source software that fits into GIS and accepts numerous vector, matrix and database data formats. It allows you to generate, visualize, manage, edit and analyze data, as well as compose maps in various formats (Pereira et al., 2018).

The CBERS4A satellite, with a resolution of 2 meters, took the land use of the study area and classified it into 11 uses: tree canopy, grass, exposed soil, asphalt, river/lake, swimming pool, light tile, dark tile, gray tile, and ceramic tiles.

The 2020 images were obtained free of charge from the INPE website, and have a resolution of 2 meters for the satellite image, which emerged from a union between the governments of Brazil and China signed in 1988, with the partnership of the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) and the Chinese Academy of Space Technology (CAST), where two advanced remote sensing satellites were built, called the Sino-Brazilian Earth Resources Satellite/China-BrazilEarth Resources Satellite (CBERS Program). Specifically in this work, CBERS 4A was used, which emerged as a continuation of the program, launched on December 20, 2019, and built in partnership with the Chinese CAST (TERRITORIAL, 2018).

In the thermal field, a Landsat 8 image from August 19, 2020, was analyzed to see the heat island form. There are a variety of sensor systems designed to provide data from the Earth's surface, most notably Landsat 8 launched on February 11, 2013, which is a joint venture between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) (Oliveira, 2017).

It should be noted that the heat island is a phenomenon characterized by warmer temperatures in urban regions compared to the surrounding rural environments (Roth, 2013).

The study of land use and occupation associated with LST aims to study the reality of the landscape and the phenomena that occur in it as the Urban Heat Island. Thus, it is reported that the large appropriation of land use in city centers, as well as its expansion without planning, results in a biologically sterile and aesthetically depressing urban landscape. As an alternative, it becomes necessary to understand natural processes in the urban context, and their relationship with city planning and design and to seek solutions (Lombardo, 1995).

About the NDVI, we could analyze the green area of São Paulo, and could also see what a lack of green areas the city has. As Lourenço and Landim (2004) point out, large-scale vegetation is where the NDVI is commonly used, as it relatively compensates for the difference in lighting conditions, inclination of the surface and aspects of the sensor due to the considerable orbit width (2,700 km).

The most widely used vegetation index in mapping is the NDVI (Cohen & , 2003). The NDVI is presented by calculating the difference between the Near Infrared and Red bands, normalized by the sum of the same bands proposed by (Rouse & , 1973) and (Zanzarini & , 2013) as follows:

= ( - ) ÷ ( + )

Where:

NDVI = normalized difference vegetation index value IVP = reflectance value in the near-infrared band

V = reflectance value in the red band

It should be noted that NDVI, used in several environmental and agricultural studies that tend to monitor natural resources, has a scale ranging from -1 to 1, the closer the value of -1, the smaller the vegetation and +1 (Rouse & , 1973), would be greater vegetative vigor, so in addition to expressing the density of vegetation also reflects its health/vigor. (Ponzoni & Shimabukuro, 2009).

Therefore analyzing the land use, thermal field and NDVI maps, the urban landscape of the city of São Paulo can be verified as a basis for proposing improvements through nature-based solutions in the urban planning of São Paulo and as an example for other cities in the search for resilience and sustainability.

3. Results

The land use and occupation of 2020, follows Figure. 1 and a relationship was made in the percentage of the land uses of the Municipality of São Paulo in Table. 1.

Figure 1.Map of land use and occupation of the Municipality of São Paulo, 2020 (Reference: The authors, 2022.)

Table 1.Percent of land use (Reference: The authors, 2022)
Classification	Percent (%)
Tree canopy	36,7
Lawn/gramínea	7,7
Exposed soil	9,5
Asphalt	12,8
Shadow	1,7
River/lake	5,7
Swimming pool	0,5
Light tile	3,74
Dark tile	13,45
Gray tile	5,7
Ceramic tile	2,6

In the analysis of the classification obtained Kappa for this map of land use and occupation was 96.96%, presented a classification with high accuracy. According to (Landis & Koch, 1977), the value of the Kappa statistic indicates the accuracy of the classification, and from 80% to 100%, the classification is excellent.

In São Paulo municipality, the tree canopy area corresponds to 36.7% of the total area, with the highest concentrations occurring in the extreme south, in the subprefecture of Parrilheiros and the mountainous part, in the north in the subprefectures of Perus and Jaçanã/Tremembé; in the east, the São Mateus subprefecture stands out; in the west, some patches of afforestation occur in the Butantã, Lapa and Pinheiros subprefectures and also in the M'Boi Mirim subprefecture near the Guarapiranga dam, located in the southwest. In the case of lawn and grass (7.7%), it is distributed throughout the area, but with little representation.

The exposed soil (9.5%) and asphalt (12.8%), present a distribution throughout the urban area, where it is characterized by the high rate of soil sealing. The built area corresponds to 27.19% (shade, light tile, dark tile, gray tile and ceramic tile) of the total. Demonstrating, a high rate of urbanization with a dome shape, with the highest rates of built area occurring in the city center towards the periphery. Intense verticalization also occurs in the central area and is distributed to the outskirts.

The NDVI map shows the distribution of vegetation in the study area on August 19, 2020, Figure 2, after the LST in the same periodFigure 3.

Figure 2.NDVI of the Municipality of São Paulo, 2020. (Reference: The authors, 2022)

In this analysis of NDVI, it is observed due to the water deficit, and low exuberance in the expression of vegetation either in vigor or canopy, thus obtaining the highest index of 0.49 and the lowest index of - 0.2. Therefore, there is inequality in the distribution of vegetation, where there are higher rates in the south of the municipality and in the north, in the following there are patches of higher rates, in the west of the sub-prefecture of Butantã, Lapa and Pinheiros. And in the east zone, concentrated in the area of “Parque do Carmo”.

Figure 3.LST of the Municipality of São Paulo, 2020. (Reference: The authors, 2022.)

It can be seen from the LST map that the UHI is pronounced throughout the built-up area. The maximum temperature was 26.18 ^oC and the minimum 10.03^oC, having a surface temperature variation of 16.15 ^oC. Observing the occurrence of UHI, where there is a rise in temperature, in a more concentrated manner in the city center, with expansion considered in the east zone and slightly in the west zone.

The results are consistent in maps that present the landscape analysis, a special inequality with regard to land use, vegetation index and land surface temperature in the Municipality of São Paulo, SP. There is a lack of green areas in the city center, which extends into the eastern part of the city. In these areas, there is a degradation of the landscape with a greater intensity of the urban heat island.

As such, the construction of a Smart Landscape is needed with an emphasis on the implementation of green areas throughout the Municipality of São Paulo, with the aim of achieving nature-based solutions to improve the city's environmental quality.

4. Discussion

In the land and use it could be noted that we could demonstrate the landscape of São Paulo with 200 to 300 samples of each class made in QGIS, using the polygon tool to obtain the percentage of each class for the year 2020. It could be observed that the greening areas are concentrated in the north and south of the municipality. The high urbanization is in the center and east of the city, but it spread in the west and also now in the north. Then we can compare it with the NDVI which shows the high index in the extreme north and in the extreme south.

NDVI stands out as one of the most important indicators for analyzing vegetation cover in different periods using remote sensing. Its advantage is that it allows monitoring of temporal changes, such as verifying the stage of vegetation growth, and changes in land use caused by anthropogenic activities and its development (Barros et al., 2020).

Therefore the concentration of the Urban Heat Island is in the central and west of the city. So it is important to improve green areas, cool those hot spots, and also contribute to the quality of life of the population.

From the analysis of the maps of land use and occupation, Land Surface Temperature, and vegetation index, it was possible to verify the dynamics of the landscape of the year 2020, of the Municipality of São Paulo, the intensity of urbanization, the decrease of green areas and the increase of the Urban Heat Island.

It could be seen that the vegetation how poorly distributed it is in the municipality of São Paulo. It is concentrated in the north and south of the municipality. As a result, the temperature is cooler in these vegetated areas, on the other hand in the central area of São Paulo and the east zone there is a high density of construction to the detriment of vegetation, collaborating with the UHI phenomenon.

In this way, it is important to implement the green area in the big city of São Paulo, to benefit the environment and the population, contribute to the recreation, refresh the city, and collaborate with the fauna and flora of the urban area. So it could be a model that analyses the environmental planning.

5. Conclusions

This research aims to expand the application of Urban Greenery and knowledge of urban foresty since there is a need to deepen this science and thus be able to advance in the operationality of the principles of SbN in urban areas, thus contributing to public policies and search for a Smart Landscape to reduce climate impact.

With the analysis of the maps of land use and occupation, LST, and vegetation index, it was possible to verify the dynamics of urbanization, the decrease in green areas, and the increase in UHI in 2020, the municipality of São Paulo - SP. In terms of spatial distribution, the highest NDVI and consequently the lowest TST occurred in the far north, in the Serra da Cantareira, and the far south, in the Parelheiros Subprefecture including the surroundings of the Billings and Guarapiranga reservoirs. So the research emphasizes the need to map an area to know the landscape and therefore think about solutions to increase UHI, like planting trees.

The work can contribute to rethinking urban planning, with emphasis on Planting trees in cities to improve air quality, and reduce heat island effects, to build a smart landscape that aims to mitigate negative environmental and climate impacts, for the entire Municipality of São Paulo and thus meet the Nature-based Solutions.

In this way, in the future, we intend to continue the research involving the bases of geotechnology with the dynamic monitoring of the data obtained from the maps of land use and occupation, vegetation index and continuous land surface temperature of the Municipality of São Paulo, in the search for sustainability. This study can serve as a basis for analyzing and monitoring other urban landscapes.

Acknowledgment

The abstract of this paper was presented at the Green Urbanism (GU) Conference—8th Edition, which was held on the 7th – 9th of October 2024.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sector/ individuals.

Ethics Approval

Not applicable.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare there is no conflict.

References

Amoroso N.. R epresenting landscapes: digital.Routledge. 2015.
Arnfield A.J.. Two decades of urban climate research: A review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island. International Journal of Climatology. 2003; v. 23, n. 1:1-26. DOI
Barros A.S., Farias L.M.de, Marinho J.L.A.. Application of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to characterize the vegetation cover of Juazeiro do Norte - CE. Brazilian Journal of Physical Geography. 2020; v. 13, n. 6DOI
Bonzi R.S.. Geomorphological environmental zoning as a method for planning green infrastructure in densely urbanized areas. LABVERDE Journal. 2015; n. 10:104-132. DOI
Cohen W.. An improved strategy for regression of biophysical variables and Landsat ETM+ data. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2003; v. 84DOI
TERRITORIAL E.M.B.R.A.P.A.. Monitoring Satellites. 2018.
Fruehauf A.L., Lombardo M.A., Pellegrino P.R.M.. The Use of Geotechnologies in the Analysis of Vegetation Index and Heat Island in the City of São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Proceedings of the Fábos Conference on Landscape and Greenway Planning. 2019.
Landis J.R., Koch G.G.. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, Arlington. 1977; v.33, n.1:159-174.
Lombardo M.A.. São Paulo; 1985.
Lombardo M.A.. University of São Paulo, São Paulo; 1995.
Morzillo A.T.. A tale of urban forest patch governance in four eastern US cities. Urban For. Urban Green. 2022; 75DOI
Oliveira etal. Seasonal analysis of the relationship between carbon sequestration and urban heat islands in the metropolises of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte and Brasília. Brazilian Journal of Cartography. 2017; v. 69DOI
Pereira L.F., Guimarães R.M.F., Oliveira R.R.M.. Integrating simple and free geotechnologies to evaluate land use/cover: QGIS and Google Earth Pro. Journal of Environmental Analysis and Progress. 2018; v. 3, n. 3DOI
Ponzoni F.J., Shimabukuro Y.E.. São José dos. Parenthesis: Parenthesis; 2009.
Porangaba G.F.O., Amorim M.C.D.C.T.. Geotechnologies Applied to the Analysis of Surface Heat Islands in Cities in the Interior of the State of São Paulo. Brazilian Journal of Physical Geography. 2019; 12(06):2041-2050.
Reibel M.. Geographic Information Systems and Spatial Data Processing in Demography: A Review. Population Research and Policy Review. 2007; v. 26, n. 5-6DOI
Roth M.. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL; 2013.
Rouse J.W.. Monitoring vegetation systems in the great plains with ERTS. Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 Symposium. 1973; 3:309-317.
Sanches P.M., Pellegrino P.R.M.. Greening potential of derelict and vacant lands in urban areas. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2016; v. 19, n. 1:128-139. DOI
Sant’Anna C.G.. il. Thesis (Doctorate in Architecture and Urbanism. -University of Brasília: -University of Brasília; 2020.
Kantartzis A.. Integrated System. The Case of Igoumenitsa, Greece. Repository Istituzionale. 2019.
Zanzarini F.V.. Spatial correlation of Vegetation Index (NDVI) from Landsat/ETM+ image with soil attributes. Brazilian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering. 2013; v. 17, n. 6:608-614. DOI

Plum Analytics

Read Counter : 1032 Download : 2435

Share Now

[BIBR-1] Amoroso N.. R epresenting landscapes: digital.Routledge. 2015.

[BIBR-2] Arnfield A.J.. Two decades of urban climate research: A review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island. International Journal of Climatology. 2003; v. 23, n. 1:1-26. DOI

[BIBR-3] Barros A.S., Farias L.M.de, Marinho J.L.A.. Application of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to characterize the vegetation cover of Juazeiro do Norte - CE. Brazilian Journal of Physical Geography. 2020; v. 13, n. 6DOI

[BIBR-4] Bonzi R.S.. Geomorphological environmental zoning as a method for planning green infrastructure in densely urbanized areas. LABVERDE Journal. 2015; n. 10:104-132. DOI

[BIBR-5] Cohen W.. An improved strategy for regression of biophysical variables and Landsat ETM+ data. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2003; v. 84DOI

[BIBR-6] TERRITORIAL E.M.B.R.A.P.A.. Monitoring Satellites. 2018.

[BIBR-7] Fruehauf A.L., Lombardo M.A., Pellegrino P.R.M.. The Use of Geotechnologies in the Analysis of Vegetation Index and Heat Island in the City of São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Proceedings of the Fábos Conference on Landscape and Greenway Planning. 2019.

[BIBR-8] Landis J.R., Koch G.G.. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, Arlington. 1977; v.33, n.1:159-174.

[BIBR-9] Lombardo M.A.. São Paulo; 1985.

[BIBR-10] Lombardo M.A.. University of São Paulo, São Paulo; 1995.

[BIBR-11] Morzillo A.T.. A tale of urban forest patch governance in four eastern US cities. Urban For. Urban Green. 2022; 75DOI

[BIBR-12] Oliveira etal. Seasonal analysis of the relationship between carbon sequestration and urban heat islands in the metropolises of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte and Brasília. Brazilian Journal of Cartography. 2017; v. 69DOI

[BIBR-13] Pereira L.F., Guimarães R.M.F., Oliveira R.R.M.. Integrating simple and free geotechnologies to evaluate land use/cover: QGIS and Google Earth Pro. Journal of Environmental Analysis and Progress. 2018; v. 3, n. 3DOI

[BIBR-14] Ponzoni F.J., Shimabukuro Y.E.. São José dos. Parenthesis: Parenthesis; 2009.

[BIBR-15] Porangaba G.F.O., Amorim M.C.D.C.T.. Geotechnologies Applied to the Analysis of Surface Heat Islands in Cities in the Interior of the State of São Paulo. Brazilian Journal of Physical Geography. 2019; 12(06):2041-2050.

[BIBR-16] Reibel M.. Geographic Information Systems and Spatial Data Processing in Demography: A Review. Population Research and Policy Review. 2007; v. 26, n. 5-6DOI

[BIBR-17] Roth M.. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL; 2013.

[BIBR-18] Rouse J.W.. Monitoring vegetation systems in the great plains with ERTS. Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 Symposium. 1973; 3:309-317.

[BIBR-19] Sanches P.M., Pellegrino P.R.M.. Greening potential of derelict and vacant lands in urban areas. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2016; v. 19, n. 1:128-139. DOI

[BIBR-20] Sant’Anna C.G.. il. Thesis (Doctorate in Architecture and Urbanism. -University of Brasília: -University of Brasília; 2020.

[BIBR-21] Kantartzis A.. Integrated System. The Case of Igoumenitsa, Greece. Repository Istituzionale. 2019.

[BIBR-22] Zanzarini F.V.. Spatial correlation of Vegetation Index (NDVI) from Landsat/ETM+ image with soil attributes. Brazilian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering. 2013; v. 17, n. 6:608-614. DOI

The Importance of Urban Greenery in the Construction of a Smart Landscape to Reduce Negative Environmental and Climate Impacts

Abstract

Full text article

References

Authors

Address

Social Media

Article Sidebar

Abstract

Full text article

References

Authors

Article Details