Enhancing Smartness and Interoperability of Building Management Systems in Non-Residential Buildings
Abstract
In smart and sustainable cities, smartness of buildings is expected to evolve. A smart building should enhance its users’ productivity and minimize its environmental impact. Although these objectives are seemingly common, the development of the smartness of buildings is actualized in the form of an incoherent combination of standards and solutions. The emergence of the IoT (Internet of Things) is expected to bring major improvements in the development of smartness, but at the same time, it may even worsen non-systematicity. Such inconsistency creates barriers to the commercialization of innovations and poses challenges to technical building management. Here, we clarify the situation between the conventional building management system approach and the IoT-based entrants. We analyze the different approaches to building automation systems’ interoperability by means of a literature review, professional interviews and smart readiness indicator impact evaluation. The study forms a general view based on the presented information and suggests approaches for specifying technical building systems, which are expected to improve their schematic clarity and reduce performance gaps of buildings. This study can be used as a practical tool by technical building managers, and it discusses issues needing consideration to the benefit of policymakers, industry and academia.
Full text article
References
Abadia, J. J. P., Walther, C., Osman, A., & Smarsly, K. (2022). “A systematic survey of Internet of Things frameworks for smart city applications”. Sustainable Cities and Society. 83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.103949
Alanne, K., & Sierla, S. (2022). “An overview of machine learning applications for smart buildings”. Sustainable
Cities and Society. 76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103445
BOMA International Foundation (2000). “Integrated systems: Increasing building and workplace performance”.
Washington, D.C.
Curry, E., O’Donnell, J., Corry, E., Hasan, S., Keane, M., & O’Riain, S. (2013). “Linking building data in the cloud: Integrating cross-domain building data using linked data”. Advanced Engineering Informatics. 27(2), 206–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2012.10.003
Domingues, P., Carreira, P., Vieira, R., & Kastner, W. (2016). “Building automation systems: Concepts and technology review”. Computer Standards and Interfaces. 45, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2015.11.005
Eloranta, J. (1999). “Suomalaisen taloautomaation mahdollisuudet Saksan markkinoilla” [Opportunities for Finnish
building automation in the German market]. Tekes, Helsinki. ISBN 952-9621-49-3.
European Commission (2022). “Smart technologies in buildings”. [Online] [Cited:15.3.2022.] https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficient-buildings/smart-readiness-indicator/smart- technologies-buildings_en
European Commission. (2022). “SRI implementation” [Online] [Cited: 6.5.2022.] https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficient-buildings/smart-readiness-indicator/sri-implementation_en
Felser, M. & Sauter, T. (2002). “The fieldbus war: History or short break between battles?”. 4th IEEE International
Workshop on Factory Communication Systems. 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2002.1159702
Fernbach, A., Granzer, W., & Kastner, W. (2011). “Interoperability at the management level of building automation systems: A case study for BACnet and OPC UA”. ETFA2011. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2011.6059106
GhaffarianHos eini, A., Zhang, T., Nwadigo, O., Ghaffarian Hoseini, A., Naismith, N., Tookey, J., & Raahemifar, K. (2017). “Application of nD BIM Integrated Knowledge-based Building Management System (BIM-IKBMS) for inspecting post-construction energy efficiency”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 72, 935-949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.061
International Organization for Standardization (2004). “Building automation and control systems (BACS) — Part 2: Hardware”. ISO 16484-2.
Järvinen, H., Litvinov, A., & Vuorimaa, P. (2011). “Integration platform for home and building automation systems”. IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC). 292–296. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCNC.2011.5766475
Kastner, W., Neugschwandtner, G., Soucek, S., & Newman, H. M. (2005). “Communication systems for building automation and control”. Proceedings of the IEEE (2005). 93(6), 1178–1203. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2005.849726
Ke, J., Qin, Y., Wang, B., Yang, S., Wu, H., Yang, H., & Xing, Z. (2020). “Data-driven predictive control of building energy consumption under the IoT architecture”. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing. Article ID 8849541. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8849541
Kinch, J.I., Diamantides, K. & Houlton, B. (2021). “A platform methodology for smart technology within the built
environment”. Intelligent Buildings International. 13:3, 187-200, https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2021.1872479
KNX Association (2019). “KNX Basic course documentation”
Lukovic, S., Congradac, V., & Kulic, F. (2010). “A system-level model of possible integration of building
management systemin SmartGrid”. Complexity in Engineering. 58–60. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMPENG.2010 .43
Mai, T. L., Lehmann, M., Ploennigs, J., & Kabitzsch, K. (2013). “Complexity reduction for automated design problems of building automation systems”. IECON 2013-39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (2013). 7714–7719. https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON.2013.6700419
Marinakis, V. & Doukas, H. (2018). “An advanced IoT-based system for intelligent energy management in
buildings”. Sensors. 18(2), 610. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020610
Mataloto, B., Ferreira, J. C., & Cruz, N. (2019). “LoBEMS—IoT for building and energy management system”.
Electronics. 8(7), 763. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8070763
Mauser, I., Müller, J., Allerding, F., & Schmeck, H. (2016). “Adaptive building energy management with multiple commodities and flexible evolutionary optimization”. Renewable Energy. 87, 911-921, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.09.003
Merz, H., Hansemann, T., & Hübner, C. (2018). Building automation communication systems with EIB/KNX, LON and BACnet. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73223-7
Minoli, D., Sohraby, K., & Occhiogrosso, B. (2017). “IoT considerations, requirements, and architectures for smart buildings—Energy optimization and next-generation building management systems”. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 4(1), 269–283. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2647881
Odyssee-Mure (2022). “Energy efficiency trends in buildings in the EU.” [Online] [Cited: 15.3.2022.]
https://www.odyssee-mure.eu/publications/policy-brief/buildings-energy-efficiency-trends.html
Pellegrino, A., Lo Verso, V. R. M., Blaso, L., Acquaviva, A., Patti, E., & Osello, A. (2016). “Lighting control and monitoring for energy efficiency: A case study focused on the interoperability of building management systems”. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications (2016). 52(3), 2627–2637. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2016.2526969
Piikkilä, V. (2017). Kiinteistöautomaation integraatioprosessi. Automaation ammattilaisen näkökulma [Building automation integration process. Perspective of a professional in automation]. Licentiate thesis, Tampere University of Technology. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:tty-201705121392
Plageras, A. P., Psannis, K. E., Stergiou, C., Wang, H., & Gupta, B. B. (2018). “Efficient IoT-based sensor Big Data collection–processing and analysis in smart buildings”. Future Generation Computer Systems. 82, 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2017.09.082
Rakennustieto. (1995). Rakennusten tietojärjestelmät esiselvitys [Initial study of building information systems]. Rakennustieto Oy, Helsinki. ISBN 951-682-262-9.
Rasmussen, H.L. & Jensen, P.A. (2020), "A facilities manager’s typology of performance gaps in new buildings".
Journal of Facilities Management. Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 71-87. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFM-06-2019-0024
Sähkötieto. (2000). Avoimen LON-tekniikan toteutuksia [Implementations of open LON technology]. Sähköinfo Oy, Espoo. ISBN 952-9756-65-8.
Sähkötieto. (2019). KNX-järjestelmän perusteet [KNX system basics]. Sähköinfo Oy. ISBN 978-952-231-28 0- 8. https://severi.sahkoinfo.fi/item/5858?search=knx%20jarjestelman%20perusteet
Sembroiz, D., Ricciardi, S., & Careglio, D. (2018). “A novel cloud-based IoT architecture for smart building automation”. Ficco, M. & Palmieri, F. (Ed.) Intelligent data-centric systems and communication networks. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811373-8.00010-0
Silver, T. (2018). “ST 682.10, Tietoteknisten järjestelmien integrointi” [Integration of IT systems]. Sähkötieto ry., Espoo. https://severi.sahkoinfo.fi/item/772?search=682.10
Sinopoli, J. (2010). Smart building systems for architects, owners, and builders. Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann, Amsterdam. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-20023-7
Soucek, S. & Loy, D. (2007). “Vertical Integration in building automation systems”. 5th IEEE International
Conference on Industrial Informatics. 1, 81–86. https://doi.org/10.1109/INDIN.2007.4384735
Tekes. (1998). “Vuosikertomus 1997” [Annual report 1997]. Tekes, Helsinki.
Tuomi, J. & Sarajärvi, A. (2018). Laadullinen tutkimus ja sisällönanalyysi [Qualitative research and content analysis]. Tammi, Helsinki. ISBN 9789513199531.
Tzovaras, D., Damousis, I., Papanikolaou, A., Pitsiladis, G., & Barbagelata, G. (2019). “DRIMPAC—Unif ied Demand Response Interoperability Framework enabling Market Participation of Active Energy Consumers”. Proceedings. 20(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019020015
Wang, Z., Wang, Y., & Srinivasan, R. S. (2018). “A novel ensemble learning approach to support building energy use prediction”. Energy and Buildings. 159, 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.10.085
Yu, J., Kim, M., Bang, H.-C., Bae, S.-H., & Kim, S.-J. (2015). “IoT as applications: Cloud-based building management systems for the Internet of Things”. Multimedia Tools and Applications. 75(22), 14583–14596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-015-2785-0
Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution: other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
With the understanding that the above condition can be waived with permission from the Author and that where the Work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license.
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a pre-publication manuscript (but not the Publisher's final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (see The Effect of Open Access). Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher's request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author's own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- The Work is the Author's original work;
- The Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- The Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- The Work has not previously been published;
- The Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- The Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author's breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 7 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher's use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Article Details
Accepted 2023-03-31
Published 2023-03-31