Climate change is an inescapable reality affecting urban, peri-urban, and rural communities around the world. In this context, this topical research aims to study its impact and explore the potential of urban and peri-urban agriculture as an effective means of remedying its adverse effects and promoting sustainable food systems [7]. Our motivation lies in the need to deepen our understanding of the interaction between climate change and urban and peri-urban agricultural practices, to strengthen their resilience by highlighting their often underestimated potential in this area.

The warming of the climate system, as highlighted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC observations in 2007, has direct implications for global weather conditions, with tangible consequences such as rising average temperatures, melting snow and ice, and rising sea levels. This reality is all the more worrying in specific regions such as the city of Algiers, the capital of Algeria, where extreme climatic variations have become increasingly frequent [12]. In this context, the commune of Delly Brahim, on the outskirts of Algiers, is facing a double threat: climate change and the urban sprawl of the capital. This city is directly affected by the harmful consequences of this rapid urban expansion, which puts additional pressure on its natural environment, which has already been weakened by the effects of climate change.

The repercussions of this situation are manifold. Firstly, there is a significant reduction in the amount of land available for local agriculture, which is seriously compromising the local community's food security and jeopardizing the livelihoods of local farmers, thereby undermining the region's economy and social fabric. In addition, this rapid urbanization is leading to accelerated degradation of the city's natural environment, with the disappearance of green spaces, the fragmentation of ecosystems, and the deterioration of air and water quality. According to UN-Habitat (2020), "the rapid growth of cities puts considerable pressure on natural resources and often leads to negative environmental impacts such as air and water pollution and loss of biodiversity". Faced with these complex challenges, this research seeks to develop planning strategies adapted to the area to preserve both the natural resources and the agricultural activity of Delly Brahim. The results highlighted the potential benefits of promoting urban and peri-urban agriculture as a climate change mitigation and adaptation project. They propose strategies and incentives aimed at preserving and ensuring the continuity of existing agricultural activity, improving its production, and guaranteeing its sustainability in the face of increasing climatic hazards.

The literature review on this issue revealed updated data on the global phenomenon of global warming. By definition, this phenomenon corresponds to a lasting change in the statistical parameters of the Earth's global climate or its various regional climates [10]. These changes may be due to processes intrinsic to the Earth (El Nino), external influences (volcanoes, etc.), or, more recently, to human activities linked to the advent of the industrial era.

Recent studies (Smith et al., 2023;[6] have highlighted a significant rise in global temperatures, accelerated melting of polar ice, more frequent extreme weather events, and acidification of the oceans. These phenomena have a direct impact on biodiversity, food security, human health, and economic stability. To address these challenges, scientific research is evaluating adaptation and mitigation strategies, including, for example, the identification of renewable energy sources, the development of clean technologies, the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices, and the implementation of environmental conservation policies [10]. The information and expertise generated by the scientific community are crucial for guiding political and personal choices, with the aim of shaping a safer future for generations to come.

In this context, the [10] proposes a widely recognized theory of climate variability and its impacts. This theory states that global climate change is leading to an increase in average temperatures, greater variability in precipitation, and an increased frequency of extreme weather events such as heat waves, floods, and droughts. These studies, along with those of [13], also show that Mediterranean agricultural regions are among the most vulnerable to climate impacts, requiring urgent and effective mitigation and adaptation measures.

On the other hand, the theory of climate resilience and adaptation, developed by C.S. [9] and other researchers [8], proposes that ecological and social systems must develop capacities for adaptation and resilience in order to cope with the impacts of climate change. This theory highlights the importance of strengthening infrastructure, natural resource management, and education to increase resilience to climate change.

Furthermore, the literature on urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) highlights its crucial role in adapting to climate change. The practice has a number of benefits for urban food systems, environmental management, and social well-being. For example, the study by [16] demonstrates that AUP can improve the resilience of urban food systems by diversifying food sources and using sustainable agricultural practices such as agroecology, permaculture, and organic farming. In addition, [2] point out that AUP enhances the resilience of cities by diversifying local food sources to mitigate the negative effects of climate change, such as the urban heat island. The practice also improves the health and well-being of residents by increasing access to fresh food and green spaces.

Another review of the literature on agricultural peri-urban towns in the face of urban sprawl and climate change highlights several crucial aspects. Anne-Marie [11] examine the role played by peri-urban agriculture around the Mediterranean in supplying towns and cities, but it is under threat from rapid urbanization. This research shows that, although this agriculture is adapting by developing a variety of forms, it must rise to the challenge of multifunctionality to meet contemporary needs, by combining food production, landscape maintenance, and environmental protection. Paula [14], studying urban agriculture in Brittany, emphasize that professional practices in shared gardens and leisure agriculture are valued for their food, environmental and sociopolitical roles, thereby contributing to urban development. However, their diversity complicates the definition of "urban agriculture", which is characterized by its functionalities and its integration into urban projects rather than simply by its geographical proximity to the city.

In Algiers, according to the [17], uncontrolled urbanization since 1992 has swallowed up 1,400 km² of fertile land in the Mitidja plain, with more than 15,000 ha of agricultural land lost between 1987 and 1997, and more than a third of the useful agricultural area built between 1972 and 1999. The climate in Algiers is showing a warming trend of 0.5°C per decade for maximum temperatures and 0.2°C per decade for minimum temperatures, increasing the risk of flooding and water shortage, which has a negative impact on agriculture and the quality of irrigation water.

This literature review places our study of Algiers and Delly Brahim in the broader context of research into the impacts of climate change and adaptation strategies using urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA), a subject that remains little explored in the existing literature. Overall, UPA is emerging as a promising solution to mitigate and adapt to these effects. So how can this practice strengthen the resilience of these cities in the face of current and future climate challenges?

The wilaya of Algiers, the capital of Algeria, covers an area of 809.22 km² and occupies a strategic position on the northern Mediterranean coast of Africa. With a population of over 3 million 309,896), the city has a high urban density of 4,090 inhabitants per square kilometre [1]. Urban sprawl stretches for around 30 kilometers along the Mediterranean coast, exacerbating the pressure on natural resources such as water and land (Ministry of the Environment and Renewable Energies). With a rich history dating back to antiquity, the city now faces a number of challenges, including rapid urbanization, natural resource management, and adaptation to climate change.

This study of strategies for adapting agriculture in urban and peri-urban areas such as Delly Brahim to climate change can help mitigate the environmental and socio-economic impacts caused by this growing global phenomenon. The information generated is crucial for guiding political and personal choices, based on case analyses that take account of the specific features of each region.

Based on the results of the climate change dynamics of Algiers and its region, the discussions highlighted the urgency of adopting a multi-dimensional approach to dealing with the impacts of climate change. Several points specific to Algiers, such as its high population density, difficult topography, and rapid urbanization, require particular attention in the development of mitigation and adaptation strategies:

To take advantage of recent meteorological events, our results highlight mitigation strategies for better planning and management of existing infrastructures. This includes increasing urban green spaces and adopting pre-existing agricultural practices. At the same time, policy reforms are needed to integrate the climate factor into urban policies in the Algiers region, which is densely populated, with a considerable influx of people from neighboring regions and the rest of Algeria, attracted by its status as the capital. The results of these examples in Algiers confirm the recognized theories of the IPCC and Holling on climate variability and resilience. Nevertheless, our study provides additional details on the measures to be taken and the types of intervention required to meet current and future climate challenges.

One such measure concerns the improvement of peri-urban agriculture, exemplified by the town of Delly Brahim, a suburb of Algiers threatened by climate change. The adaptation strategies and incentive measures resulting from our analyses adopt a series of sustainable agricultural practices to preserve agriculture that is vital to the local community. Depending on the type of site studied, the recommended strategies focus on three main areas: preserving agricultural activity; improving this activity; and ensuring its sustainability through a series of incentives that will increase agricultural resilience and bring lasting benefits to the local community.

A comparison of our results with existing literature confirms that the trends observed in Delly Brahim are representative of regional and global climate dynamics. The proposed adaptation strategies are in line with scientific recommendations for improving the resilience of urban and peri-urban agricultural systems. This integration of the literature review and the dynamics of climate change strengthens the relevance and credibility of our study, providing additional contributions in terms of local empirical data, socio-economic and cultural integration, and proposals for innovative adaptation strategies. These contributions enrich our understanding of the dynamics of climate change and the possible responses in specific contexts, offering applicable and concrete solutions for other regions facing similar challenges.

For example, exploring the socio-economic and cultural dimensions of peri-urban agriculture highlights the importance of the farming traditions inherited from the old 'Fellahs' families. This aspect, little explored in the literature, which focuses mainly on technical and environmental aspects, gives this study a more global perspective on agricultural dynamics.

Similarly, the incentives implemented, such as the promotion of agroforestry practices and the conservation of existing forests and parks, are aligned with the recommendations of the [2] study, which suggests that integrated natural resource management and the promotion of agroforestry can strengthen urban resilience in the face of climate change. Our proposals for the demarcation of agricultural zones and the development of regenerative agriculture fit perfectly into this framework. In addition, the promotion of public- private partnerships and the encouragement of agroforestry practices specific to Delly Brahim demonstrate how innovative solutions can be adapted to specific local contexts.

Finally, in line with the scientific literature, this study has immersed itself deeply in the Delly Brahim context, providing a more nuanced and granular understanding of the challenges and opportunities unique to the area. It incorporates empirical data collected directly from farmers and local agricultural services. This qualitative approach enriches the understanding of the real impacts of climate change on farming practices and livelihoods in Delly Brahim.

This compares with the study by [16], which highlights the importance of urban agriculture for food security and climate change adaptation. Our study enriches this framework by illustrating how traditional agricultural practices and modern innovations can be combined to improve resilience in Delly Brahim. For example, the establishment of private urban farms and agri-parks shows how specific initiatives can be developed to meet local needs.

To take this further, future research could focus on the requalification of the AUP in Delly Brahim, the effectiveness of agroforestry practices, comparative analysis with Saharan regions, local climate modeling, participatory studies, and the optimization of public policies and partnerships to support sustainable peri-urban agriculture.

The abstract of this paper was presented at the Geographic Perspectives on Climate Change Mitigation in Urban and Rural Environments (GCUE) Conference -1st Edition which was held on the 25^th -27^th of June 2024ز