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<description locale="en_US"><p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>The relationship between a city and its inhabitants is reciprocal by nature. On one hand, the city’s topography shapes its climate, resource availability, and overall livability. This in turn influences the demographics of people within the city, their traditions, culture, and heritage. On the other hand, individual characteristics that emerge independent of the city’s topography, shape the society that is present within the city, and in turn, the constructions created by said society.</p>
<p>Grasping these aforementioned concepts is essential for urban planners. Thorough consideration of both, what benefits the city’s environment, climate, and landscapes, in addition to the elements that uplift members of society and individuals, ensures successful urban planning implementation that enriches both the city’s elements and the inhabitants within it. While some strive for egalitarianism throughout society, however, others succumb to the influence of economic gain and wealth, tossing order and equality by the wayside, in favor of serving the affluents of society.</p>
<p>The influence of wealth on urban planning sadly takes place mostly in developing countries. Division is rampant and brutal in some cities, where the poor congregate in slums with barely livable conditions. Energy resource availability fluctuates based on the time of day, clean water is nigh to be seen, and the streets cough up dust, and beg to be cleaned. While the poor suffer in these slums, in fear of buildings crumbling over from the lack of structural integrity, the wealthy and prosperous influence governments, and create utopian gated communities, with lush forestry, state-of-the-art infrastructure, and a steady supply of resource and energy availability, where security, is, of course, their top priority. The unsustainable approach to urban planning in these cities continues with the concept of the commodification of public spaces. What was once a public space available to all, such as parks, riverfronts, and beachfronts, becomes an opportunity to extract wealth from the public. Businesses &amp; private companies are set up in these landscapes, and entry tickets become mandatory to what once was a space available to all.</p>
<p>These approaches to urban planning are unsustainable, for division within communities sow the seeds of contempt and envy within inhabitants, and create a sense of division within communities, rather than the city functioning as a cohesive unit, working towards its prosperity. This issue deliberates on the topic of sustainable urban planning techniques that benefit all members of a city’s society, and work to move away from division within communities.</p>
<p>Topics:</p>
<ul>
<li>Sustainability in Urban Design
<ul>
<li>Sustainable Energy Resource Utilization</li>
<li>Smart Waste Management</li>
<li>Inclusive Roads Designed for People</li>
<li>Heat Island Effect Mitigation</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The Challenges, Effects, and Possible Solutions of Urban Division</li>
<li>
<ul>
<li>Societal Cohesion, and a Sense of Belonging’s Importance in Cities</li>
<li>The Rise and Inevitability of Inequality, and Approaches to Fair Distribution</li>
<li>Social &amp; Economic Dividers and Gates in Urbanism</li>
<li>Urban Planning Methods for Societal Advantages and Solidarity</li>
<li>Egalitarianism in Urban Design</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Innovations in Architectural Design &amp; City Planning</li>
<li>
<ul>
<li>Climate Responsive Architecture</li>
<li>Utilization of ICT Technologies in Architecture &amp; City Planning</li>
<li>Creative Spaces: Public Inclusion in Sustainable Development</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p></description>
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<volume>7</volume>
<number>2</number>
<year>2022</year>
<title locale="en_US">Sustainable Urban Planning and the Divided Cities</title>
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<date_published>2022-12-30</date_published>
<last_modified>2023-07-02</last_modified>
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<copyrightHolder locale="en_US">IEREK Press</copyrightHolder>
<copyrightYear>2023</copyrightYear>
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<keyword>Architectural design</keyword>
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<biography locale="en_US"><p>Dr. Hocine Bougdah is the Director of Sustainability and Technical Studies subject area in the Birmingham School of Architecture and Design (BSoAD). Before joining BoAD in June 2022, he was a senior research and teaching fellow in the School of Architecture and Cities at the University of Westminster, London. His academic and professional career extends over 30 years of teaching at various UK higher education institutions and practicing as a freelance consultant, in technical studies and sustainability-related topics. His approach to “Technology” is to use it as a design generator/enabler rather than an “add-on” technical resolution to a design proposal. His research interests cover topics such as sustainable design, innovative low tech/low energy/low impact buildings, spatial experience of users and issues of culture, urbanisation and globalisation.</p>
<p>Alongside teaching and research, he is involved in scholarly activities through membership in editorial/review boards for several international journals and leading the editorial team (editor in chief) for the Environmental Science and Sustainable Development journal. He is the author of more than 55 publications, including authored books, edited books, journal papers, conference proceedings, conference papers, and keynote presentations.</p>
<p>He is a recipient of the Lux Europa best conference paper for young researchers (1989). Other honors include getting long-listed for the RIBA International Book Award (2007) and an entry into the Who’s Who for Science Engineering (2009).</p>
<p>He is a member of a number of learned societies/professional bodies including the Royal Society for the Arts (RSA), the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture (ACADIA), World Society of Sustainable Energy Technologies, (WSSET), the Institute of Acoustics (IOA) and the UK Higher Education Academy (HEA).</p></biography>
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<title locale="en_US">Neighborhood Impact Assessment an Urban Sustainability Instrument : Analysis in Medium-sized Cities in São Paulo, Brazil.</title>
<abstract locale="en_US"><p>The Neighborhood Impact Assessment (NIA) <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><sup>[1]</sup></a>is an important instrument of the Brazilian Urban Policy enacted in the City Statute, Federal Law 10.257/2001. Considered by the national academic literature as a relevant instrument for local urban environmental management. However, in Brazil, the understanding that the environmental and the urban are part of the same context is not yet a reality within the local public administration sectors, with a deep disconnection of management and governance between the urban and environmental departments. The objective of this work was to analyze the application of NIA in medium-sized cities in the state of São Paulo and to evaluate its contribution to the local urban environmental management of these cities. We also intend to evaluate the NIA integration with other sectors of local public management such as the environment, urban mobility, social housing, etc. As a methodology, we used NIA Process Components, verifying the absence or presence in the urban laws of four (04) medium-sized cities in the state of São Paulo. We also interviewed civil servants from the environmental and urban sectors, supplementing information that was absent in laws and official documents. The results reveal that most municipalities do not have a specific law that regulates the NIA, and Master Plans, Land Use and Occupation Law regulate this instrument. Civil servants emphasize the weaknesses and strengths of the instruments. As potentialities of this instrument, they observed public participation, increased state control in environmentally sensitive areas, greater urban-environmental compensation mechanisms, and so on. Weaknesses signalize were: conflicts involving urban land subdivision, interference of the real estate market in the use and occupation of urban land, changes in the Master Plans by the city councilman aiming to meet the interests of private financial capital. The four cities, which are part of the Case Studies, have not yet effectively incorporated elements of climate change in their local governance. Issues related to social housing, expansion of slums, occupation of protected environmental areas by poor populations are still the most urgent priorities in these cities, as well as in many Latin American cities. The improvement and advancement of the articulation of the urban and environmental sectors in Brazilian cities must require thinking about better scientific methodological and governmental improvements.</p></abstract>
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<copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Emanoele Abreu, Renata Peres</copyrightHolder>
<copyrightYear>2022</copyrightYear>
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<keyword>Neighborhood Impact Assessment</keyword>
<keyword>Latin American cities</keyword>
<keyword>Medium cities</keyword>
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<affiliation locale="en_US"> Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Environmental Sciences, Brazil</affiliation>
<country>BR</country>
<email>emanoele@estudante.ufscar.br</email>
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<givenname locale="en_US">Renata</givenname>
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<affiliation locale="en_US"> Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Environmental Sciences, Brazil</affiliation>
<country>BR</country>
<email>renataperes@ufscar.br</email>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">[1]</a> Brazilian authors often use the terminology in English “Neighborhood Impact Study”. However, we chose to use “Neighborhood Impact Assessment” according to (Abiko &amp; Barreiros, 2014) to facilitate the understanding of the instrument for the international audience, as it has similarities with the Impact Assessment. However, in Brazil, the NIA is known as the “Estudo de Impacto de Vizinhança”.</p></abstract>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">[1]</a> Brazilian authors often use the terminology in English “Neighborhood Impact Study”. However, we chose to use “Neighborhood Impact Assessment” according to (Abiko &amp; Barreiros, 2014) to facilitate the understanding of the instrument for the international audience, as it has similarities with the Impact Assessment. However, in Brazil, the NIA is known as the “Estudo de Impacto de Vizinhança”.</p></abstract>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">[1]</a> Brazilian authors often use the terminology in English “Neighborhood Impact Study”. However, we chose to use “Neighborhood Impact Assessment” according to (Abiko &amp; Barreiros, 2014) to facilitate the understanding of the instrument for the international audience, as it has similarities with the Impact Assessment. However, in Brazil, the NIA is known as the “Estudo de Impacto de Vizinhança”.</p></abstract>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">[1]</a> Brazilian authors often use the terminology in English “Neighborhood Impact Study”. However, we chose to use “Neighborhood Impact Assessment” according to (Abiko &amp; Barreiros, 2014) to facilitate the understanding of the instrument for the international audience, as it has similarities with the Impact Assessment. However, in Brazil, the NIA is known as the “Estudo de Impacto de Vizinhança”.</p></abstract>
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<abstract locale="en_US"><p>The Neighborhood Impact Assessment (NIA) <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><sup>[1]</sup></a>is an important instrument of the Brazilian Urban Policy enacted in the City Statute, Federal Law 10.257/2001. Considered by the national academic literature as a relevant instrument for local urban environmental management. However, in Brazil, the understanding that the environmental and the urban are part of the same context is not yet a reality within the local public administration sectors, with a deep disconnection of management and governance between the urban and environmental departments. The objective of this work was to analyze the application of NIA in medium-sized cities in the state of São Paulo and to evaluate its contribution to the local urban environmental management of these cities. We also intend to evaluate the NIA integration with other sectors of local public management such as the environment, urban mobility, social housing, etc. As a methodology, we used NIA Process Components, verifying the absence or presence in the urban laws of four (04) medium-sized cities in the state of São Paulo. We also interviewed civil servants from the environmental and urban sectors, supplementing information that was absent in laws and official documents. The results reveal that most municipalities do not have a specific law that regulates the NIA, and Master Plans, Land Use and Occupation Law regulate this instrument. Civil servants emphasize the weaknesses and strengths of the instruments. As potentialities of this instrument, they observed public participation, increased state control in environmentally sensitive areas, greater urban-environmental compensation mechanisms, and so on. Weaknesses signalize were: conflicts involving urban land subdivision, interference of the real estate market in the use and occupation of urban land, changes in the Master Plans by the city councilman aiming to meet the interests of private financial capital. The four cities, which are part of the Case Studies, have not yet effectively incorporated elements of climate change in their local governance. Issues related to social housing, expansion of slums, occupation of protected environmental areas by poor populations are still the most urgent priorities in these cities, as well as in many Latin American cities. The improvement and advancement of the articulation of the urban and environmental sectors in Brazilian cities must require thinking about better scientific methodological and governmental improvements.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">[1]</a> Brazilian authors often use the terminology in English “Neighborhood Impact Study”. However, we chose to use “Neighborhood Impact Assessment” according to (Abiko &amp; Barreiros, 2014) to facilitate the understanding of the instrument for the international audience, as it has similarities with the Impact Assessment. However, in Brazil, the NIA is known as the “Estudo de Impacto de Vizinhança”.</p></abstract>
<licenseUrl>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl>
<copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Emanoele Abreu, Renata Peres</copyrightHolder>
<copyrightYear>2022</copyrightYear>
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<affiliation locale="en_US"> Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Environmental Sciences</affiliation>
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<email>emanoele@estudante.ufscar.br</email>
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<givenname locale="en_US">Renata</givenname>
<familyname locale="en_US"> Peres</familyname>
<affiliation locale="en_US"> Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Environmental Sciences</affiliation>
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<email>renataperes@ufscar.br</email>
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<title locale="en_US">Neighborhood Impact Assessment an urban sustainability instrument</title>
<subtitle locale="en_US">analysis in medium-sized cities in São Paulo, Brazil.</subtitle>
<abstract locale="en_US"><p>The Neighborhood Impact Assessment (NIA) <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><sup>[1]</sup></a>is an important instrument of the Brazilian Urban Policy enacted in the City Statute, Federal Law 10.257/2001. Considered by the national academic literature as a relevant instrument for local urban environmental management. However, in Brazil, the understanding that the environmental and the urban are part of the same context is not yet a reality within the local public administration sectors, with a deep disconnection of management and governance between the urban and environmental departments. The objective of this work was to analyze the application of NIA in medium-sized cities in the state of São Paulo and to evaluate its contribution to the local urban environmental management of these cities. We also intend to evaluate the NIA integration with other sectors of local public management such as the environment, urban mobility, social housing, etc. As a methodology, we used NIA Process Components, verifying the absence or presence in the urban laws of four (04) medium-sized cities in the state of São Paulo. We also interviewed civil servants from the environmental and urban sectors, supplementing information that was absent in laws and official documents. The results reveal that most municipalities do not have a specific law that regulates the NIA, and Master Plans, Land Use and Occupation Law regulate this instrument. Civil servants emphasize the weaknesses and strengths of the instruments. As potentialities of this instrument, they observed public participation, increased state control in environmentally sensitive areas, greater urban-environmental compensation mechanisms, and so on. Weaknesses signalize were: conflicts involving urban land subdivision, interference of the real estate market in the use and occupation of urban land, changes in the Master Plans by the city councilman aiming to meet the interests of private financial capital. The four cities, which are part of the Case Studies, have not yet effectively incorporated elements of climate change in their local governance. Issues related to social housing, expansion of slums, occupation of protected environmental areas by poor populations are still the most urgent priorities in these cities, as well as in many Latin American cities. The improvement and advancement of the articulation of the urban and environmental sectors in Brazilian cities must require thinking about better scientific methodological and governmental improvements.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">[1]</a> Brazilian authors often use the terminology in English “Neighborhood Impact Study”. However, we chose to use “Neighborhood Impact Assessment” according to (Abiko &amp; Barreiros, 2014) to facilitate the understanding of the instrument for the international audience, as it has similarities with the Impact Assessment. However, in Brazil, the NIA is known as the “Estudo de Impacto de Vizinhança”.</p></abstract>
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<copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Emanoele Abreu, Renata Peres</copyrightHolder>
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<affiliation locale="en_US"> Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Environmental Sciences</affiliation>
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<email>emanoele@estudante.ufscar.br</email>
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<givenname locale="en_US">Renata</givenname>
<familyname locale="en_US"> Peres</familyname>
<affiliation locale="en_US"> Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Environmental Sciences</affiliation>
<country>BR</country>
<email>renataperes@ufscar.br</email>
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<title locale="en_US">The Design of a Rural House in Bushbuckridge, South Africa: An Open Building Interpretation</title>
<abstract locale="en_US"><p>This qualitative study argues that occupant involvement in housing design and construction process should lead to more appropriate buildings that can sustain their usefulness with minimal changes. It documents the design of a house in Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga, South Africa that uses Open Building (OB) principles so that the house adapts to the changing needs of the family and maintains its intergenerational value.</p>
<p>This project centres the occupant in the design and construction process and considers the house flexible and conceived by many authors. Based on this worldview, we use the following tools: a literature review on OB, an OB analysis of low-cost housing, and analysis of the design project.</p>
<p>We compare low-cost housing projects using four OB principles: how the project involves the occupant’s agency to build; how the project separates its elements to facilitate this agency; whether the project focuses on providing a housing product, or a housing process; and, how sustainably the delivered structure can accommodate the occupant’s current and future construction.</p>
<p>The paper illustrates these OB principles in the design of a low-cost, rural house project in Bushbuckridge to show that they also have value for the architecture at a small scale, and how a house can be designed to ensure that it adapts to the changing needs and creativity of the occupant.</p>
<p>The paper concludes with the implications that OB principles have for the design process. The process no longer consists of a simple sequence that separated design and construction and ends with a housing product. Rather, the design and construction focus on delivering a building process that the occupant can take ownership of a sustain intergenerationally.</p></abstract>
<licenseUrl>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl>
<copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Wihan Hendrikz, Amira Osman</copyrightHolder>
<copyrightYear>2022</copyrightYear>
<keywords locale="en_US">
<keyword>Open Building</keyword>
<keyword>Architecture</keyword>
<keyword>rural house</keyword>
<keyword>Bushbuckridge</keyword>
<keyword>South Africa</keyword>
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<givenname locale="en_US">Wihan</givenname>
<familyname locale="en_US">Hendrikz</familyname>
<affiliation locale="en_US">Researcher, Architecture and Industrial Design, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa</affiliation>
<country>ZA</country>
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<citation>Bushbuckridge Local Municipality. (2021, February). Bushbuckridge local municipality final integrated development planning 2020/21. Retrieved 04 09, 2022, from https://www.cogta.gov.za/cgta_2016/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Bushbuckridge-Municipality.pdf</citation>
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<citation>Habraken, N. J. (1998). The Structure of the Ordinary: Form and Control in the Built Environment. Cambridge: MIT Press.</citation>
<citation>Kendall, S. (1996). Disentangling Parts, Disentangling Parties: An Open Systems Approach to Building Renovation. Support/Infill Housing and Open Building: Papers on Principles and Practice, 89-95.</citation>
<citation>Kendall, S. (1999). Open Building: An Approach to Sustainable Architecture. Journal of Urban Technology, 1-16.</citation>
<citation>Kendall, S. (2016, January). Open Building Studies, Reports and Lectures. Retrieved 03 27, 2022, from https://drstephenkendall.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Toward-Disentanglement-copy.pdf</citation>
<citation>Low, I. (2018, May 14). Family business: Empower Shack in Khayelitsha near Cape Town, South Africa by Urban-Think Tank and ETH Zurich. Retrieved from The Architectural Review: https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/family-business-empower-shack-in-khayelitsha-near-cape-town-south-africa-by-urban-think-tank-and-eth-zurich</citation>
<citation>Moolla, R., Kotze, N., & Block, L. (2011). Housing satisfaction and quality of life in RDP houses in Braamfischerville, Soweto: A South African case study. Urbani Izziv, 22(01), 138-143.</citation>
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<citation>Nokulunga, M., Didi, T., & Clinton, A. (2018). Challenges of Reconstruction and Development Program (RDP) Houses in South Africa. International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (pp. 1695-1702). Washinton DC: IEOM Society International.</citation>
<citation>Osman, A. (2022). Open Building in the Global South. In S. H. Kendall, Residential Architecture as Infrastructure (pp. 136-174). New York: Routledge.</citation>
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<title locale="en_US">The design of a rural house in Bushbuckridge, South Africa: An Open Building interpretation</title>
<abstract locale="en_US"><p>This qualitative study argues that occupant involvement in housing design and construction process should lead to more appropriate buildings that can sustain their usefulness with minimal changes. It documents the design of a house in Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga, South Africa that uses Open Building (OB) principles so that the house adapts to the changing needs of the family and maintains its intergenerational value.</p>
<p>This project centres the occupant in the design and construction process and considers the house flexible and conceived by many authors. Based on this worldview, we use the following tools: a literature review on OB, an OB analysis of low-cost housing, and analysis of the design project.</p>
<p>We compare low-cost housing projects using four OB principles: how the project involves the occupant’s agency to build; how the project separates its elements to facilitate this agency; whether the project focuses on providing a housing product, or a housing process; and, how sustainably the delivered structure can accommodate the occupant’s current and future construction.</p>
<p>The paper illustrates these OB principles in the design of a low-cost, rural house project in Bushbuckridge to show that they also have value for the architecture at a small scale, and how a house can be designed to ensure that it adapts to the changing needs and creativity of the occupant.</p>
<p>The paper concludes with the implications that OB principles have for the design process. The process no longer consists of a simple sequence that separated design and construction and ends with a housing product. Rather, the design and construction focus on delivering a building process that the occupant can take ownership of a sustain intergenerationally.</p></abstract>
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<copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Wihan Hendrikz, Amira Osman</copyrightHolder>
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<title locale="en_US">Brownfield Land Redevelopment Strategies in Urban Areas : Criteria Contributing to the Decision-making Process</title>
<abstract locale="en_US"><p style="margin: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Urban intensification seems to be a growing trend, especially in the context of severe land scarcity. Brownfields offer great potential in meeting the increasing demand for housing in major cities worldwide. Redevelopment projects appear to provide immediate solutions to housing shortages that are being experienced due to population pressures in large metropolitan areas. The paper explores the range of factors that property developers need to consider in their decision-making process when assessing the viability of brownfield redevelopments. This research, which employed a comparative case study approach, and examined two brownfield redevelopments in Auckland, focused on the economic, social, and environmental criteria that were utilised in the decision-making process. Document analysis of the two case studies, site observations, and semi-structured interviews with the property developers were the main data collection methods. The results suggested that the economic aspects of a brownfield redevelopment are the most important criteria that developers consider during the feasibility assessment of proposed projects. Projects that offer the potential for quick investment returns for all stakeholders are the preferred choice for developers. Brownfield redevelopments offer significant potential for invigorating local areas through urban intensification which boosts local businesses and encourages community revitalisation. The environmental concerns appear to be the lowest priority and little consideration is given to reducing the environmental impacts or incorporating green building practices in the new developments. A major shift from a purely economic focus toward a comprehensive environmental approach to new developments is needed to ensure the sustainable development of cities.</span></p></abstract>
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<copyrightYear>2022</copyrightYear>
<keywords locale="en_US">
<keyword>Brownfield redevelopment</keyword>
<keyword>High density housing</keyword>
<keyword>Property developers</keyword>
<keyword>Economic returns</keyword>
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<abstract locale="en_US"><p>Loreto, the largest Amazonian region in Peru, is home to more than 200,000 &nbsp;inhabitants that live in traditional riverside rural communities adapted to an amphibious lifestyle, with houses that rise or float on the river in times of flooding and perch on the dried riverbed in low water times. Nevertheless, these amphibious communities are not exclusive to rural areas. Iquitos, the largest city of Loreto, is surrounded by alluvial plains, where more than 90,000 people live on the water and bring a rich social, cultural, and environmental vibrancy to the regions. However, poor infrastructure conditions and limited resources in this communities affect the ecosystem and the population's health. The objective of this qualitative study was to understand the physical, sociocultural, and environmental conditions in which these amphibious communities live and identify the political, legal, and cultural barriers that prevent their healthy urban development. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews, surveys, and observation of physical and environmental conditions. The results suggest conflicts in the formalization processes of theses informal communities, from administrative and legal aspects to a limited definition of habitable territory. We identified the benefits of the current urban-architectural conditions of these communities, whose housing typologies, adapted to the seasonal change of the rivers, may provide a alternative model to adapt with resilience to the impacts of climate change and sea level rise. We also identified challenges in sanitation, accessibility, public space, and strengthe of community networks, as well as challenges in the response of the government whose proposals for relocation of the amphibious communities have not fully considered these communities' economic, social, and cultural values.</p></abstract>
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<p class="BodyMainText">The second part of the project involves socio-spatial methods of mapping self-build situations occurring alongside hard infrastructure zones in the region. The studies focus on the composition of building fabrics that actively attempt to circumvent issues of scarcity and unequal access to material and social infrastructures. Through the establishment of physical interfaces, people form modes of operation despite extreme resource limitations. The project aims to identify alternative ways of reading territorialised urban infrastructure assemblages by examining critical zones of urban occupation. While the examples expose many of the volatile situations that the urban majority experience on a perpetual basis, the primary aim is to reveal - from the everyday – urban spatial emergence and methods of coding and mapping these emergences towards an adaptive, reparative and transformative approach to divided cities.</p></abstract>
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<abstract locale="en_US"><p class="BodyMainText">This paper investigates opportunities to connect divided cities by analysing ways in which occupation practices operate alongside, subvert and potentially transform historic, and presently developing urban infrastructure divisions in Tshwane’s eastern urban region. Through a critical theory lens existing and perpetuating conditions of infrastructural segregation are examined in order to understand scenarios through which built environments, as assemblages, maintain conditions of extreme inequality and power. In this respect, urban spatial research projects, analysing formal and informal settlement patterns are presented. The projects form part of an architecture design lead research studio that focuses on discovering alternative scenarios for urban environments by examining existing infrastructure barriers, and unpacking methods for the transformation of segregative systemic forms. Extracts of the projects are presented as case studies with a focus on areas around Mamelodi east and Moreleta Park in rapidly growing parts of Tshwane. These projects demonstrate conditions through which urban divisions of scarcity are established and constructed along infrastructure development zones in the region. They also raise key spatial questions pertaining to inequality and the role of capital investment in its perpetuation.&nbsp;</p>
<p class="BodyMainText">The second part of the project involves socio-spatial methods of mapping self-build situations occurring alongside hard infrastructure zones in the region. The studies focus on the composition of building fabrics that actively attempt to circumvent issues of scarcity and unequal access to material and social infrastructures. Through the establishment of physical interfaces, people form modes of operation despite extreme resource limitations. The project aims to identify alternative ways of reading territorialised urban infrastructure assemblages by examining critical zones of urban occupation. While the examples expose many of the volatile situations that the urban majority experience on a perpetual basis, the primary aim is to reveal - from the everyday – urban spatial emergence and methods of coding and mapping these emergences towards an adaptive, reparative and transformative approach to divided cities.</p></abstract>
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<title locale="en_US">Development Plan for decreasing crime Rates at El Amir Hamad Archeological Site</title>
<abstract locale="en_US"><p>Recently, the direct causal relationship between the built environment and well-being has been shown to affect the quality of life as well as the performance of the urban environment. While it is often difficult to establish, the urban built environment plays a major role in shaping the way people act inside it. (Thwaites, Kevin, et al., 2016)</p>
<p>While urbanisation takes place in a transforming society, societal development leaves its signature in urban spaces. When industries and development plans decline in some parts of the city, especially those with archaeological value, those parts will have been abandoned due to migration. Urban pockets or gaps inside the built environment are left behind to suffer from informality, deterioration, and increasing crime and unemployment rates.</p>
<p>The aim of that research is to find some possible solutions in the direction of improving those public abandoned spaces that accommodate dangerous buildings, high rates of unemployment and unsafe urban areas in the regional range of Meet-Ghamr, Dakhlia governorate. (Aggnieszka Lisowska, 2017).</p>
<p>The targeted area of the study is "minaret el Amir Hamaad" in Meet-Ghamr, Dakahleia, Egypt, one of the most important archaeological sites in the Islamic heritage of Dakhlia governorate, which is well known for its unique mosques and mosque minarets.</p></abstract>
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<p>The targeted area of the study is "minaret el Amir Hamaad" in Meet-Ghamr, Dakahleia, Egypt, one of the most important archaeological sites in the Islamic heritage of Dakhlia governorate, which is well known for its unique mosques and mosque minarets.</p></abstract>
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<p>The targeted area of the study is "minaret el Amir Hamaad" in Meet-Ghamr, Dakahleia, Egypt, one of the most important archaeological sites in the Islamic heritage of Dakhlia governorate, which is well known for its unique mosques and mosque minarets.</p></abstract>
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<abstract locale="en_US"><p class="ARChive-Abstractbody">Coastal communities will be more vulnerable to floods in low-lying areas and seawater inundation as the sea level rises. Users will have to take a detour to use alternate roads while the vulnerable roads are closed, increasing travel time. A large amount of literature has been focused on addressing climate change and sea-level rise impacts, vulnerability, economic evaluation, and adaptation. However, few studies have been conducted to study the impacts of population dynamics due to sea level rise within future transportation network modeling. This study aims to identify the future transportation infrastructure in the 2035 model that is vulnerable to a two-foot sea level rise in the Tampa Bay Region, Florida. The impacts of these changes have been considered within three different relocation scenarios for the affected population in the inundated zones. This analysis uses the two-foot Mean Higher High-Level water surface data and the digital elevation data provided by NOAA for 2035. The findings of this study reveal how different sea level rise scenarios could affect the future estimates of the transportation system and could potentially inform future transportation planning decisions. The analysis found that approximately 358 lane miles of highway links will be inundated. Moreover, the number of trips produced, and the amount of congestion generated with each scenario were dependent on the population and employment relocation. The key recommendation of this research is to incorporate the potential impacts of population relocation due to sea level rise into transportation modeling. Generally, different scenarios for relocating population and employment generate new traffic demands, which could result in traffic congestion. Thus, transportation planners should simulate future sea level rise scenarios and evaluate their impact on the current transportation system. Findings from this study could help transportation planners and decision-makers identify the locations and transportation facilities that are most vulnerable to rising sea levels, allowing them to make more informed decisions about adaptation planning.</p></abstract>
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<abstract locale="en_US"><p>The Rivers State University campus in Portharcourt is one of the university campuses in the city of Portharcourt, Nigeria covering over 21 square kilometers and housing a variety of academic, residential, administrative and other support buildings. The University Campus has seen significant transformation in recent years, including the rehabilitation of old facilities, the construction of new academic facilities and the most recent update on the creation of new collages, faculties and departments. The current view of the transformations done within the University Campus is missing from several available maps of the university. Numerous facilities have been constructed on the University Campus that are not represented on these maps as well as the qualities associated with these facilities. Existing information on the various landscapes on the map is outdated and it needs to be streamlined in light of recent changes to the University's facilities and departments. This research article aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) in geospatial data collection for physical planning and mapping of infrastructures at the Rivers State University Port Harcourt campus by developing a UAS-based digital map and tour guide for RSU's main campus covering all collages, faculties and departments and this offers visitors, staff and students with location and attribute information within the campus.<br />Methodologically, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles were deployed to obtain current visible images of the campus following the growth and increasing infrastructural development. At a flying height of 76.2m (250 ft), a DJI Phantom 4 Pro UAS equipped with a 20-megapixel visible camera was flown around the campus, generating imagery with 1.69cm spatial resolution per pixel. To obtain 3D modeling capabilities, visible imagery was acquired using the flight-planning software DroneDeploy with a near nadir angle and 75 percent front and side overlap.<br />Vertical positions were linked to the World Geodetic System 1984 and horizontal positions to the 1984 World Geodetic Datum universal transverse Mercator (UTM) (WGS 84). To match the UAS data, GCPs were transformed to UTM zone 32 north.<br />Finally, dense point clouds, DSM, and an orthomosaic which is a geometrically corrected aerial image that provides an accurate representation of an area and can be used to determine true distances, were among the UAS-derived deliverables.</p></abstract>
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<abstract locale="en_US"><p>The Rivers State University campus in Portharcourt is one of the university campuses in the city of Portharcourt, Nigeria covering over 21 square kilometers and housing a variety of academic, residential, administrative and other support buildings. The University Campus has seen significant transformation in recent years, including the rehabilitation of old facilities, the construction of new academic facilities and the most recent update on the creation of new collages, faculties and departments. The current view of the transformations done within the University Campus is missing from several available maps of the university. Numerous facilities have been constructed on the University Campus that are not represented on these maps as well as the qualities associated with these facilities. Existing information on the various landscapes on the map is outdated and it needs to be streamlined in light of recent changes to the University's facilities and departments. This research article aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) in geospatial data collection for physical planning and mapping of infrastructures at the Rivers State University Port Harcourt campus by developing a UAS-based digital map and tour guide for RSU's main campus covering all collages, faculties and departments and this offers visitors, staff and students with location and attribute information within the campus.<br />Methodologically, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles were deployed to obtain current visible images of the campus following the growth and increasing infrastructural development. At a flying height of 76.2m (250 ft), a DJI Phantom 4 Pro UAS equipped with a 20-megapixel visible camera was flown around the campus, generating imagery with 1.69cm spatial resolution per pixel. To obtain 3D modeling capabilities, visible imagery was acquired using the flight-planning software DroneDeploy with a near nadir angle and 75 percent front and side overlap.<br />Vertical positions were linked to the World Geodetic System 1984 and horizontal positions to the 1984 World Geodetic Datum universal transverse Mercator (UTM) (WGS 84). To match the UAS data, GCPs were transformed to UTM zone 32 north.<br />Finally, dense point clouds, DSM, and an orthomosaic which is a geometrically corrected aerial image that provides an accurate representation of an area and can be used to determine true distances, were among the UAS-derived deliverables.</p><p>Keywords; UAS, Geospatial, Acquisition, Orthophoto, Mosaic, Flying –Height.</p></abstract>
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<citation>Lyza, A. W., and K. R. Knupp, 2014: An observational analysis of potential terrain influences on tornado behavior. 27th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Madison, WI, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 11A.1A, https://ams.confex.com/ams/27SLS/ webprogram/Paper255844.html.</citation>
<citation>Smith, M. S., 2006: Exploring local ‘‘tornado alleys’’ for predictive environmental parameters. Proc. 2006 ESRI Int. User Conf., ESRI, 28 pp., https://proceedings.esri.com/library/ userconf/proc06/papers/papers/pap_1339.</citation>
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<citation>Bosart, L. F., A. Seimon, K. D. LaPenta, and M. J. Dickinson, 2006: Supercell tornadogenesis over complex terrain: The Great Barrington, Massachusetts, tornado on 29 May 1995. Wea. Forecasting, 21, 897–922, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF957.1.</citation>
<citation>Carlson, T. N., and D. A. Ripley, 1997: On the relation between NDVI, fractional vegetation cover, and leaf area index. Remote Sens. Environ., 62, 241–252, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(97)00104-1.</citation>
<citation>Carrivick, J. L., M. W. Smith, and D. J. Quincey, 2016: Structure from Motion in the Geosciences. John Wiley and Sons, 197 pp.</citation>
<citation>Chen, Q. J., Y. R. He, T. T. He, and W. J. Fu, 2020: The typhoon disaster analysis emergency response system based on UAV 2832 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 149 remote sensing technology. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Info. Sci., XLII-3/W10, 959–965, https://doi.org/ 10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII- 3-W10-959-2020.</citation>
<citation>Coleman, T. A., 2010: The effects of topography and friction on mesocyclones and tornadoes. 25th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc, P8.12, https://ams.confex.com/ams/25SLS/techprogram/paper_176240.htm.</citation>
<citation>DiCiccio, T. J., and J. P. Romano, 1990: Nonparametric confidence limits by resampling methods and least favorable families. Int. Stat. Rev., 58, 59–76, https://doi.org/10.2307/1403474.</citation>
<citation>Du, M., and N. Noguchi, 2017: Monitoring of wheat growth status and mapping of wheat yield’s within-field spatial variations using color images acquired from UAV-camera system. Remote Sens., 9, 289, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9030289.</citation>
<citation>Efron, B., 1981: Nonparametric standard errors and confidence intervals. Can. J. Stat., 9, 139–158, https://doi.org/10.2307/ 3314608, and</citation>
<citation>Ezequiel, C. A. F., and Coauthors, 2014: UAV aerial imaging applications for post- disaster assessment, environmental managementand infrastructure development. Int. Conf. on Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Orlando, FL, IEEE, 274–283.</citation>
<citation>Heredia, G., F. Caballero, I. Maza, L. Merino, A. Viguria, and A. Ollero, 2009: Multi- unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) cooperative fault detection employing differential global positioning (DGPS), inertial and vision sensors. Sensors, 9, 7566–7579.</citation>
<citation>Hesterberg, T. C., 1999: Bootstrap tilting confidence intervals and hypothesis tests. Comput. Sci. Stat., 31, 389–393.</citation>
<citation>Lyza, A. W., and K. R. Knupp, 2014: An observational analysis of potential terrain influences on tornado behavior. 27th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Madison, WI, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 11A.1A, https://ams.confex.com/ams/27SLS/ webprogram/Paper255844.html.</citation>
<citation>Smith, M. S., 2006: Exploring local ‘‘tornado alleys’’ for predictive environmental parameters. Proc. 2006 ESRI Int. User Conf., ESRI, 28 pp., https://proceedings.esri.com/library/ userconf/proc06/papers/papers/pap_1339.</citation>
<citation>Skow, K. D., and C. Cogil, 2017: High-Resolution aerial survey and radar analysis of quasi-linear convective system surface vortex damage paths from 31 August 2014.Wea. Forecasting, 32, 441–467,https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D- 16-0136.1.</citation>
<citation>Tmu_sic´, G., and Coauthors, 2020: Current practices in UAS-based environmental monitoring. Remote Sens., 12, 1001, https:// doi.org/10.3390/rs12061001.</citation>
<citation>Wagner,M., andR.K.Doe, 2017: UsingUnmannedAerialVehicles (UAVs) to model tornado impacts. 2017 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Amer. Geophys. Union, AbstractNH31A-0198.</citation>
<citation>Johnson, Z. Chen, J. Das, and R. S. Cerveny, 2019: Unpiloted aerial systems (UASs) application for tornado damage surveys: Benefits and procedures. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 100, 2405–2409, https://doi.org/10.1175/ BAMS-D-19-0124.1.</citation>
<citation>Wang, X., M. Wang, S. Wang, and Y. Wu, 2015: Extraction of vegetation information from visible unmanned aerial vehicle images. Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao, 31, 152– 159, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002- 6819.2015.05.022.</citation>
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<citation>Agisoft, 2019: Agisoft Metashape user manual: Professional edition version 1.5.AgisoftLLCDoc., 145 pp., https://www.agisoft.com/ pdf/metashape- pro_1_5_en.pdf.</citation>
<citation>Ahmed, N. S., 2016: Field observations and computer modeling of tornado-terrain interaction and its effects on tornado damage and path. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arkansas, 247 pp., http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/1463.</citation>
<citation>Bosart, L. F., A. Seimon, K. D. LaPenta, and M. J. Dickinson, 2006: Supercell tornadogenesis over complex terrain: The Great Barrington, Massachusetts, tornado on 29 May 1995. Wea. Forecasting, 21, 897–922, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF957.1.</citation>
<citation>Carlson, T. N., and D. A. Ripley, 1997: On the relation between NDVI, fractional vegetation cover, and leaf area index. Remote Sens. Environ., 62, 241–252, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(97)00104-1.</citation>
<citation>Carrivick, J. L., M. W. Smith, and D. J. Quincey, 2016: Structure from Motion in the Geosciences. John Wiley and Sons, 197 pp.</citation>
<citation>Chen, Q. J., Y. R. He, T. T. He, and W. J. Fu, 2020: The typhoon disaster analysis emergency response system based on UAV 2832 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 149 remote sensing technology. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Info. Sci., XLII-3/W10, 959–965, https://doi.org/ 10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII- 3-W10-959-2020.</citation>
<citation>Coleman, T. A., 2010: The effects of topography and friction on mesocyclones and tornadoes. 25th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc, P8.12, https://ams.confex.com/ams/25SLS/techprogram/paper_176240.htm.</citation>
<citation>DiCiccio, T. J., and J. P. Romano, 1990: Nonparametric confidence limits by resampling methods and least favorable families. Int. Stat. Rev., 58, 59–76, https://doi.org/10.2307/1403474.</citation>
<citation>Du, M., and N. Noguchi, 2017: Monitoring of wheat growth status and mapping of wheat yield’s within-field spatial variations using color images acquired from UAV-camera system. Remote Sens., 9, 289, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9030289.</citation>
<citation>Efron, B., 1981: Nonparametric standard errors and confidence intervals. Can. J. Stat., 9, 139–158, https://doi.org/10.2307/ 3314608, and</citation>
<citation>Ezequiel, C. A. F., and Coauthors, 2014: UAV aerial imaging applications for post- disaster assessment, environmental managementand infrastructure development. Int. Conf. on Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Orlando, FL, IEEE, 274–283.</citation>
<citation>Heredia, G., F. Caballero, I. Maza, L. Merino, A. Viguria, and A. Ollero, 2009: Multi- unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) cooperative fault detection employing differential global positioning (DGPS), inertial and vision sensors. Sensors, 9, 7566–7579.</citation>
<citation>Hesterberg, T. C., 1999: Bootstrap tilting confidence intervals and hypothesis tests. Comput. Sci. Stat., 31, 389–393.</citation>
<citation>Lyza, A. W., and K. R. Knupp, 2014: An observational analysis of potential terrain influences on tornado behavior. 27th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Madison, WI, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 11A.1A, https://ams.confex.com/ams/27SLS/ webprogram/Paper255844.html.</citation>
<citation>Smith, M. S., 2006: Exploring local ‘‘tornado alleys’’ for predictive environmental parameters. Proc. 2006 ESRI Int. User Conf., ESRI, 28 pp., https://proceedings.esri.com/library/ userconf/proc06/papers/papers/pap_1339.</citation>
<citation>Skow, K. D., and C. Cogil, 2017: High-Resolution aerial survey and radar analysis of quasi-linear convective system surface vortex damage paths from 31 August 2014.Wea. Forecasting, 32, 441–467,https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D- 16-0136.1.</citation>
<citation>Tmu_sic´, G., and Coauthors, 2020: Current practices in UAS-based environmental monitoring. Remote Sens., 12, 1001, https:// doi.org/10.3390/rs12061001.</citation>
<citation>Wagner,M., andR.K.Doe, 2017: UsingUnmannedAerialVehicles (UAVs) to model tornado impacts. 2017 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Amer. Geophys. Union, AbstractNH31A-0198.</citation>
<citation>Johnson, Z. Chen, J. Das, and R. S. Cerveny, 2019: Unpiloted aerial systems (UASs) application for tornado damage surveys: Benefits and procedures. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 100, 2405–2409, https://doi.org/10.1175/ BAMS-D-19-0124.1.</citation>
<citation>Wang, X., M. Wang, S. Wang, and Y. Wu, 2015: Extraction of vegetation information from visible unmanned aerial vehicle images. Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao, 31, 152– 159, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002- 6819.2015.05.022.</citation>
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Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}issue': Missing child element(s). Expected is ( {http://pkp.sfu.ca}articles ).
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<issue xmlns="http://pkp.sfu.ca" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" published="1" current="0" access_status="1" url_path="" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<id type="internal" advice="ignore">8</id>
<id type="doi" advice="update">10.21625/essd.v2i1</id>
<description locale="en_US"><p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>This issue examines various digital and computerized technological solutions to enhance energy performance and examines the impacts of all the aforementioned solutions on the environment and the economy. The production of solar energy, wind energy, and thermal energy is deeply analysed in 3 different papers as solutions towards cleaner energy and, therefore, a cleaner environment. Some of the authors have also given in-depth accounts of current environmental ailments as a first step towards resolving them, including analysing soot emissions. In addition to technological solutions, some of the authors chose to study the urban and built environment while others focused their research exclusively on the environment. All the papers in this issue focused their research on attempting to achieve sustainable solutions towards sustainable development.</p></description>
<issue_identification>
<volume>2</volume>
<number>1</number>
<year>2017</year>
<title locale="en_US">Sustainable Development toward the Preservation of the Environment</title>
</issue_identification>
<date_published>2017-06-30</date_published>
<date_notified>2017-07-02</date_notified>
<last_modified>2023-07-02</last_modified>
<sections>
<section review_form_id="16" ref="RP" seq="1" editor_restricted="0" meta_indexed="1" meta_reviewed="1" abstracts_not_required="0" hide_title="0" hide_author="0" abstract_word_count="0">
<id type="internal" advice="ignore">1</id>
<abbrev locale="en_US">RP</abbrev>
<title locale="en_US">Research Papers</title>
</section>
</sections>
<covers>
<cover locale="en_US">
<cover_image/>
<cover_image_alt_text/>
<embed encoding="base64"/>
</cover>
</covers>
<issue_galleys xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"/>
</issue>
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}issue': Missing child element(s). Expected is ( {http://pkp.sfu.ca}articles ).
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<issue xmlns="http://pkp.sfu.ca" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" published="1" current="0" access_status="1" url_path="" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<id type="internal" advice="ignore">15</id>
<id type="doi" advice="update">10.21625/essd.v3i1</id>
<description locale="en_US"><p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>ESSD's fourth issue discusses green infrastructure in depth as a significant factor for sustainable development. Known to be an economical, safe, and qualitative management of the natural water cycle, it encompasses greening, or the planting of trees, restoring wetlands and a way to benefit out of investments made. Green infrastructure in general is an improvement to the ecological situation, a promotion of domestic and inbound tourism as well as an improvement to living conditions for citizens. Since many communities across the world are working towards protecting their water quality, conserving, restoring and enhancing natural areas is a must. Such approaches to using green infrastructure strategies as an attempt to protect the environment and human health is a also a way to shape sustainable future communities. Articles featured in this issue introduce green infrastructure as a solution to issues of sustainability in green spaces and beyond. The issue then explores several urban, environmental and cultural concerns, provides recommendations and set goals to protect the environment, improve public health and economical situations as well as prepare for impacts of climate change.</p></description>
<issue_identification>
<volume>3</volume>
<number>1</number>
<year>2018</year>
<title locale="en_US">Green Infrastructure for Sustainable Development</title>
</issue_identification>
<date_published>2018-07-31</date_published>
<last_modified>2023-07-02</last_modified>
<sections>
<section review_form_id="16" ref="RP" seq="1" editor_restricted="0" meta_indexed="1" meta_reviewed="1" abstracts_not_required="0" hide_title="0" hide_author="0" abstract_word_count="0">
<id type="internal" advice="ignore">1</id>
<abbrev locale="en_US">RP</abbrev>
<title locale="en_US">Research Papers</title>
</section>
</sections>
<covers>
<cover locale="en_US">
<cover_image/>
<cover_image_alt_text/>
<embed encoding="base64"/>
</cover>
</covers>
<issue_galleys xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"/>
</issue>
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}issue': Missing child element(s). Expected is ( {http://pkp.sfu.ca}articles ).
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<issue xmlns="http://pkp.sfu.ca" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" published="1" current="0" access_status="1" url_path="" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<id type="internal" advice="ignore">9</id>
<id type="doi" advice="update">10.21625/essd.v2i2</id>
<description locale="en_US"><p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>This issue displays research that demonstrates an integration between resilience and sustainable development and beyond. Since both are indistinguishably linked, an investment in resilience or infrastructure is useful for a developed future and environment. Whether its food scarcity, climate change, issues of dry port, pollution, or loss/shortage of energy, a need to address key global challenges exists to shape a more sustainable future. The issue attracted a number of high-quality submissions from researchers in the field and disciplines that address the above-mentioned challenges and that includes the built environment and human behavior, dry ports as an approach to relocate city gateways to maximize efficiency, building technology that supports sustainable architecture, renewable materials, and environmental approaches that deal with architectural heritage.</p></description>
<issue_identification>
<volume>2</volume>
<number>2</number>
<year>2017</year>
<title locale="en_US">Resilient Development toward a Sustainable Environment</title>
</issue_identification>
<date_published>2018-01-31</date_published>
<date_notified>2018-01-31</date_notified>
<last_modified>2023-07-02</last_modified>
<sections>
<section review_form_id="16" ref="RP" seq="1" editor_restricted="0" meta_indexed="1" meta_reviewed="1" abstracts_not_required="0" hide_title="0" hide_author="0" abstract_word_count="0">
<id type="internal" advice="ignore">1</id>
<abbrev locale="en_US">RP</abbrev>
<title locale="en_US">Research Papers</title>
</section>
</sections>
<covers>
<cover locale="en_US">
<cover_image/>
<cover_image_alt_text/>
<embed encoding="base64"/>
</cover>
</covers>
<issue_galleys xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"/>
</issue>
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}submission_file', attribute 'stage': [facet 'enumeration'] The value '' is not an element of the set {'public', 'submission', 'note', 'review_file', 'review_attachment', 'final', 'fair_copy', 'editor', 'copyedit', 'proof', 'production_ready', 'attachment', 'query', 'review_revision', 'dependent'}.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}file', attribute 'filesize': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}issue': Missing child element(s). Expected is ( {http://pkp.sfu.ca}articles ).
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<id type="internal" advice="ignore">3</id>
<id type="doi" advice="update">10.21625/essd.v1i1</id>
<description locale="en_US"><p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Green architecture is building using sustainable methods. It combines both construction and architectural methods and policies while keeping the environment in mind. In this issue, the manuscripts discuss various solutions for energy reduction and environmental sustainability. Two manuscripts address passive strategies to achieve the aforementioned by using cool clay tiles on roofs as a cooling strategy that saves energy and reduces urban overheating. Other papers in this issue discuss the importance of urbanization in developing areas by applying sustainable strategies including saving energy by utilizing solar energy. The authors have also explained the economic benefits associated with sustainable buildings such as driving designers to think about the environment. Saving power by applying sustainable policies, along with the rising energy prices, increase the demand for sustainable buildings. Sustainability, therefore becomes a driver for designers.</p></description>
<issue_identification>
<volume>1</volume>
<number>1</number>
<year>2016</year>
<title locale="en_US">Green Architecture for a more Sustainable Environment</title>
</issue_identification>
<date_published>2016-12-14</date_published>
<date_notified>2017-01-09</date_notified>
<last_modified>2023-07-02</last_modified>
<sections>
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<id type="internal" advice="ignore">1</id>
<abbrev locale="en_US">RP</abbrev>
<title locale="en_US">Research Papers</title>
</section>
</sections>
<covers>
<cover locale="en_US">
<cover_image/>
<cover_image_alt_text>Issue 1</cover_image_alt_text>
<embed encoding="base64"/>
</cover>
</covers>
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