Historical cities play a fundamental role in shaping cultural identity and preserving collective memory (Uslu & Bölükbaşı Ertürk, 2019). In Palestine, this role becomes even more critical due to ongoing political instability and the threats posed to the continuity of architectural and urban heritage (Al-Ja'ba, 2007). Among these cities, Hebron stands out for its historical depth and cultural significance, yet it has suffered from severe urban and social degradation. Neglect, insufficient infrastructure, and weak policy support have contributed to a decline in both the built environment and the quality of life of its residents (Qawasmi, 2016). Many inhabitants have left the old city in search of safer and more livable conditions, resulting in further demographic and physical deterioration (Sellick, 1994).

In response to this urban crisis, the Hebron Rehabilitation Committee (HRC) was established in 1996 by a presidential decree issued by the late President Yasser Arafat. The committee's mission extends beyond architectural restoration; it aims to safeguard Hebron’s cultural heritage, revive its historic core, and promote reinhabitation through sensitive and integrated urban strategies [(Awad, 2008); (Atmeh, 2007)]. Restoration and adaptive reuse projects led by the HRC have reflected a comprehensive vision that merges conservation with social revitalization (Qawasmi, 2016). Rather than viewing rehabilitation as mere technical repair, the committee has promoted a proactive cultural strategy rooted in the continuity of Arab-Islamic urban values (Al-Hadi Hanish Al-Sadiq Al-Rumaih, 2017).

This culturally sensitive approach has led to improvements in living conditions and better integration between historic and contemporary urban fabrics, all while preserving Hebron’s distinctive architectural character (Qawasmi, 2016). A pivotal development occurred in 2017, when Hebron was officially inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, underscoring the need for design guidelines that respect heritage values while addressing modern housing challenges (Hebron Rehabilitation Committee Official Website, n.d.).

As (Al-Ja'ba, 2007) emphasizes, identity is not a fixed or homogenous concept but rather a dynamic and evolving construct shaped by historical experience, shared memory, and societal change. Thus, design in heritage contexts like Hebron must move beyond functional requirements, engaging meaningfully with the cultural narratives and architectural symbolism embedded in these spaces (Al-Ja'ba, 2007).

One of the central challenges in this regard lies in furniture design within historic homes. As noted by (Shadeed, 2023), designing furniture in the old city of Hebron involves striking a delicate balance between preserving historical authenticity and meeting modern standards of comfort, functionality, and family life. This study, developed in collaboration with the HRC and informed by local voices, addresses these tensions through a focused examination of design strategies in historical residential interiors.

The traditional architecture of Palestinian towns-particularly Hebron-is deeply rooted in communal living, agricultural lifestyles, and environmental adaptation. As (Ghadban, 2000) explains, spatial configurations in traditional houses were based on extended family needs and climatic responsiveness, values that continue to inform furniture and interior design today. Preserving these principles while adapting to contemporary needs is key to sustaining both cultural and functional integrity (Commerce, 2024).

Understanding and reinterpreting traditional spatial layouts is fundamental to this process. As (Yacoub & Badr, 2018) highlights, analyzing the original distribution of space and comparing it with current domestic functions provides critical insight for informed interventions. Typically, historic Hebron homes include two to three floors (Al-Ja'ba, 2007), featuring narrow passageways, elevated entrances, and internal courtyards-all reflecting a cultural commitment to privacy and social hierarchy (Abu Salem & Dandis, 2008).

Gendered spatial divisions were also central to domestic life, separating public male reception areas from private family quarters (Al-Amad, 1998). Courtyards (al-Hosh) formed the heart of the dwelling, organizing rooms around them in fluid yet meaningful ways (Abu Hilal, 2009). These elements continue to inform how contemporary designers approach interior layout and furniture placement in heritage buildings.

Interior finishes and materials are equally significant. Traditional homes employed finishes like qasara or madda in kitchens and bedrooms (Ahmed, 2008, p. 86), while stone tiles were used to create durable and integrated floor structures (Rizq, 2000). Entrances were often accessed through vaulted passages leading to shared courtyards that included wells, stables, and storage (Al-Ju’beh, 2008). Architectural details such as arched doorways, internal vaults, and built-in seating conveyed both functional and symbolic meaning (Yacoub & Badr, 2018). Modest, multifunctional furnishings—such as carpets, cushions, and stained-glass windows—added to the aesthetic and cultural richness of the home (Al-Ju’beh, 2008).

In this context, historic preservation becomes more than a technical endeavor-it is a pathway to reinforce cultural identity and sustainability. As (Briney, 2020-01-22) notes, reusing historic buildings instead of demolishing them contributes to environmentally conscious planning and enhances the uniqueness of historic cities in contrast to the monotony of modern construction. This perspective is especially relevant in Hebron, where heritage-based design must respond simultaneously to historical meaning and contemporary needs.

This research adopts a qualitative, human-centered, and site-specific methodology to investigate how adaptive furniture design can contribute to preserving the cultural identity of historical homes while enhancing their functionality for contemporary living. The methodology integrates the following steps:

Researchers may face challenges in locating specialized catalogues for furniture and interior design in old towns due to the distinctive characteristics, historical phases, and unique functional requirements of these homes. Nevertheless, collaboration with design professionals and architectural heritage experts can aid in formulating general design principles suitable for such heritage dwellings. Historical interior design serves as a reflection of human development, showcasing advanced design techniques alongside modern innovations, such as electricity and central air conditioning, while emphasizing the artistic value and craftsmanship of furniture (Hannon, 2011). A deep understanding of the importance of aligning furniture with the spatial character of historical cities, as highlighted by Uslu and Bölükbaşı (Uslu & Bölükbaşı Ertürk, 2019), reinforces the necessity of considering architectural and social identity when designing furniture for historical homes in Palestine.

Historical interior architecture plays a pivotal role in expressing cultural identity and serves as a rich visual and historical resource that must be preserved. Rashdan and Ashour (Rashdan & Ashour, 2023) emphasize that integrating heritage values into contemporary interior design requires thoughtful strategies that balance authenticity with modern functional needs. Respecting the original architectural character is considered a fundamental principle in the design of furniture for traditional homes. Furniture must harmonize with the historical architectural style and the time period that the space represents. This includes careful attention to original decorative details such as traditional woodwork, spatial proportions, and interior finishes. Such alignment enhances both the visual coherence and functional integration between the furniture and the built environment (Brooker & Stone, 2010). Moreover, designing furniture for heritage residences requires the use of materials that closely resemble those originally used-such as treated natural wood and fabrics that reflect the historical and cultural setting of the place. These materials not only help preserve the authentic character of the space but also promote environmental and economic sustainability by relying on locally sourced resources with a clear cultural identity (Brooker & Stone, 2010).

To address these challenges, it is crucial to consider the unique context and specific design characteristics of traditional homes when proposing any interior interventions. Thoughtful design strategies should aim to enhance both aesthetic and functional qualities, ensuring that the outcome respects the spirit of the original structure. According to White (White, 2023-07-10). Maintaining visual balance within the space allows for furniture solutions that are both cohesive and expressive of traditional character, ultimately enriching the beauty and cultural value of historic residencesRather than concealing architectural features, designers should highlight and celebrate them as central elements of the interior experience. (Dandis, 2023-10)

Moreover, selecting styles and design elements that harmonize with historical features while remaining practical for modern living can draw inspiration from 19th-and early 20th-century design traditions, periods known for their craftsmanship and detailed ornamentation (White, 2023-07-10). Leveraging historical imagery and documentation, designers can adapt interiors in a way that reflects the heritage of the space while accommodating contemporary needs. Carefully chosen furniture with intricate patterns and decorative features can help bridge the past and present, reinforcing the historical identity of the home and supporting efforts toward cultural preservation.

Building on the significance of preserving the character of historical interiors, it becomes essential to consider practical strategies that allow for the integration of traditional elements with contemporary needs. One effective approach involves the deliberate use of natural materials, which not only reflects the authenticity of historical design but also supports modern environmental and aesthetic standards.

According to (Brooker & Stone, 2010), the use of solid wood reflects not only a practical material choice but also a cultural expression rooted in craftsmanship and permanence. Materials such as hardwoods were commonly selected for their durability and aesthetic contribution to the integrity of historical interiors (Brooker & Stone, 2010).

Similarly, fabrics like linen and traditional textiles can be paired with contemporary elements to preserve the cultural character while introducing simplicity and comfort. The use of rich fabrics such as velvet or modern textile blends can further enhance the home's historical ambience while meeting the standards of modern comfort (Interior, 2024-02-18).

Another key strategy involves the adaptive reuse of antique furniture. Redesigning older pieces to suit contemporary functions contributes to cultural sustainability by preserving the identity of traditional furniture while reducing the need for new material production and lowering carbon emissions (Hughes, 2022-11-30). This adaptive approach can include refinishing existing pieces, such as sanding down to bare wood and applying a new stain to rejuvenate their visual appeal without erasing their historical essence (Blenkinsop, 2022-07-22).

Moreover, thoughtful furniture design must address functionality. Historical pieces can be adapted for modern use by ensuring they provide comfort and practicality, such as incorporating hidden storage solutions or transforming seating into multi-functional elements. While preserving the authenticity of space is vital, ensuring that furniture is suited for daily life helps foster continued use and appreciation.

In efforts to maintain authenticity, sourcing original period pieces whenever possible adds significant historical value. Where original pieces are unavailable, traditionally manufactured furniture-produced using historical techniques-can serve as appropriate alternatives that honor the spirit of the past (Blenkinsop, 2022-07-22).

Finally, a balanced integration of old and new is key to achieving a coherent and livable design. Pairing traditional furniture with modern accents—such as placing a contemporary table next to an antique chair or combining modern lighting with classic furnishings—creates a dynamic yet respectful dialogue between eras (Blenkinsop, 2022-07-22).

The strategic use of color coordination supports the balance between traditional and modern aesthetics by blending tones that create visual harmony and spatial unity within the interior environment (Brooker & Stone, 2010)."

These strategies align with the broader objective of preserving the aesthetic and cultural integrity of historical homes while adapting them to suit contemporary lifestyles-a goal that lies at the heart of sustainable and culturally sensitive interior design.

This research focuses on furniture and interior space design in historic residential buildings located in the Old Town of Hebron, Palestine. It draws on a foundation of reports related to property maintenance, adaptive reuse, and heritage preservation. A previous study by the researcher (Shadeed, 2023) highlighted the daily challenges faced by families living in these old houses, particularly the mismatch between traditional spatial layouts and furniture and the functional needs of contemporary life. This gap underscores the need for thoughtful design solutions that respect the historical context while supporting the current lifestyles of the inhabitants.

The selection of case studies was guided by clear and deliberate criteria to ensure methodological rigor and practical relevance. All selected houses are situated within the historic core of the Old City and are still inhabited by families, providing a genuine context for exploring how interior design interventions can enhance daily life. These homes were chosen based on actual requests from residents seeking redesign solutions that could make their heritage homes more comfortable and adaptable to modern living. Each house showcases distinctive architectural and cultural features—such as thick stone walls, arches, traditional flooring, built-in niches, and remnants of heritage furniture—that express the tangible and intangible values of local identity (Al-Amiry, 2000). The selection process was carried out in coordination with the Hebron Rehabilitation Committee, ensuring alignment with local conservation guidelines and access to valuable technical documentation.

To develop interior solutions suited to this unique context, the research followed a systematic process structured around three main phases:

Based on the information provided and the case study approach for researching furniture in historical homes, here are potential results and recommendations that can be derived:

The abstract of this paper was presented at the Cities’ Identity Through Architecture & Art (CITAA) Conference – 8^th Edition, which was held on the 17^th - 19^th of September 2024.

I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the success of this research. Special thanks go to Engineer Hilmi Marqa, who supervised the restoration works of the houses studied, and to Engineer Nuha Dandis for her valuable cooperation and insight throughout the study. I am deeply grateful to the Hebron Rehabilitation Committee, represented by its President, Mr. Emad Hamdan, for their continuous support and openness to the proposed ideas.

My heartfelt appreciation also goes to the residents and homeowners who generously opened their homes and shared their experiences, enabling a deeper understanding of the real challenges and needs. I would also like to thank the Palestine Polytechnic University for providing the academic environment and support that made this study possible. Finally, my appreciation goes to the students and colleagues whose efforts and input enriched the research process with thoughtful perspectives and dedication.